The intention of this book is to offer the reader understandings, ideas and solutions from the perspective of a workbench technician and electronics hobbyist. It is a descriptive text with many tables of useful data, servicing tips and supplementary notes of not so common knowledge. Today there is a re-emerging, nostalgic interest in vinyl records and associated music entertainment gear. With this interest, there is a paralleled market for the repair of this gear. This ‘hands-on’ servicing guide opens with fundamental considerations of the work space of repair and servicing. This includes a comprehensive discussion of essential test equipment and tools. Two chapters are devoted to obtaining servicing information about repair and obtaining spare parts. A key chapter is on general diagnosis and testing and includes the discussion of resistance, capacitance and inductance. These electrical properties are regularly in the mind of the repairer, so understanding of them is a key objective of this book. The next chapter is about time saving repair techniques and ensuring quality repair. The remaining chapters discuss entertainment equipment itself. Each of the chapters begins with an orderly discussion of the theory of operation and common and not so common problems specific to the equipment. All chapters conclude with a summary.

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Retro Radio is een praktijkboek voor beginners en uitermate geschikt voor iedereen die wel eens een radio zou willen bouwen en meer wil weten over de radiotechniek. Na een inleiding in de beginselen van de techniek en de radio-ontvangst op de korte golf komen een aantal eenvoudige radio-ontwerpen aan bod. Het gaat om radio’s voor de middengolf en korte golf, waarbij de KG radio’s geschikt zijn voor de ontvangst van Single Side Band signalen. Het “retro” karakter dankt het boek aan het feit dat de gepubliceerde schakelingen klassiekers zijn uit de analoge radiotechniek. Ze zijn geïnspireerd door schakelingen uit de jaren ’50 en de begintijd van de radiotechniek. De auteur grijpt terug op de radio in zijn meest elementaire vorm. Al het “overbodige” is uit de schakelingen weggelaten. Er wordt gewerkt met spoelen, afstemcondensatoren, keramische filters en spoelfilters. Alle schakelingen zijn gebouwd met gewone transistors en een veldeffecttransistor. Elektronische chips worden niet gebruikt. Overigens is aan de nieuwste ontwikkelingen niet helemaal voorbij gegaan. Er is ook een SDR ontwerp opgenomen. Een greep uit de schema’s: een kristalradio, verschillende middengolf ontvangers (ook met een radiobuis), een “oer” schema geïnspireerd door de begintijd van de radio, twee korte golf ontvangers met SSB (2-12 MHz en 6-17 MHz) en een ontvanger voor de 80 meter band. Verder is in dit boek bijzonder veel aandacht besteed aan de praktische constructie van de radio’s en zijn er verschillende eenvoudige meetapparaten beschreven die dienst kunnen doen bij het ontwerpen en testen van radio’s (meetzender, absorptiemeter, transistortester e.d.).

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Quite unintentionally a one-page story on an old Heathkit tube tester in the December 2004 edition of Elektor magazine spawned dozens of ‘Retronics’ tales appearing with a monthly cadence, and attracting a steady flow of reader feedback and contributions to the series. Since launching his Retronics columns, Elektor Editor Jan Buiting has never been short of copy to print, or vintage equipment to marvel at. This book is a compilation of about 80 Retronics installments published between 2004 and 2012. The stories cover vintage test equipment, prehistoric computers, long forgotten components, and Elektor blockbuster projects, all aiming to make engineers smile, sit up, object, drool, or experience a whiff of nostalgia. To reflect that our memories are constantly playing tricks on us, and honoring that “one man’s rubbish is another man’s gem”, the tales in the book purposely have no chronological order, and no bias in favor of transistor or tube, microprocessor or discrete part, audio or RF, DIY or professional, dry or narrative style. Although vastly diff erent in subject matter, all tales in the book are told with personal gusto because Retronics is about sentiment in electronics engineering, construction and repair, be it to reminisce about a 1960s Tektronix scope with a cleaning lady as a feature, or a 1928 PanSanitor box for dubious medical use. Owners of this book are advised to not exceed one Retronics tale per working day, preferably consumed in the evening hours under lamp light, in a comfortable chair, with a piece of vintage electronic equipment close and powered up.

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50 maal 'elektronica van vroeger'. In het januarinummer 2005 van het elektronica-maandblad Elektor zag de rubriek 'Retrotronica' voor het eerst het licht. Onder supervisie van Elektor-redacteur Jan Buiting wordt sindsdien elke maand een stukje 'elektronica van vroeger' opgerakeld. Tegenwoordig worden de meeste elektronische schakelingen opgebouwd rond een microcontroller die het 'denkwerk' voor zijn rekening neemt. Nog niet zo heel lang geleden echter bestonden die dingen nog niet (of waren ze onbetaalbaar); niettemin slaagden de ontwerpers van toen er (naar huidige maatstaven) verbijsterend goed in om uiterst betrouwbaar en nauwkeurig werkende schakelingen en apparatuur te bouwen. Veel apparaten blijken, na jaren op een stoffige zolder of in een vochtige kelder te hebben gestaan, na een schoonmaakactie nog perfect te functioneren -- er is dus geen reden om de 'elektronica van vroeger' met een meewarige blik te bekijken; integendeel: het zijn vaak wondertjes van vernuft en vakmanschap! In dit boek hebben we 50 bijdragen uit de rubriek 'Retrotronica' voor u gebundeld - een must voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in 'oude' elektronica of in de geschiedenis van het maandblad Elektor (destijds Elektuur), aangezien enkele 'klassieke' Elektuur-schakelingen prominent aan bod komen!

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RFID technology has conquered many areas in which barcodes, magnetic strips and contact smartcards were used previously. Everyday applications, such as electronic ticketing, access cards, debit cards and electronic identity documents would not be possible without this technology. MIFARE is the most widely used RFID technology, and this book provides a practical and comprehensive introduction to it. Among other things, the initial chapters cover physical fundamentals, relevant standards, RFID antenna design, security considerations and cryptography. The complete design of a reader’s hardware and software is described in detail. The reader’s firmware and the associated PC software support programming using any .NET language. The specially developed PC program, “Smart Card Magic.NET”, is a simple development environment that supports sending commands to a card at the click of a mouse, as well as the ability to create C# scripts. Alternatively, one may follow all of the examples using Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition. Finally, the major smart card reader API standards are introduced. The focus is on programming contactless smartcards using standard PC/SC readers using C/C++, Java and C#.

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RFID (DE) | E-book

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Highlights Output Frequency (Sine): 50 MHz Output Frequency (Square): 15 MHz Channels: 2 Arbitrary Waveform Length: 16 Mpts Kenmerken Unique SiFi II (Signal Fidelity II) technology: generate the arbitrary waveforms point by point; recover the signal without distortion; sample rate accurate and adjustable; jitter of all the output waveforms (including Sine, Pulse, etc.) as low as 200 ps 16 Mpts memory depth per channel for arbitrary waveforms Standard dual-channel with the same performance, equivalent to two independent signal sources High frequency stability: ±1 ppm; low phase noise: -105 dBc/Hz Built-in high-order harmonic generator (at most 8-order harmonics) Built-in 7 digits/s, 240 MHz bandwidth full featured frequency counter Up to 160 built-in arbitrary waveforms, covering the common signals in engineering application, medical electronics, auto electronics, math processing, and other various fields Sample rate up to 250 MSa/s, vertical resolution 16 bits Arbitrary waveform sequence editing function available; arbitrary waveforms also can be generated through the PC software Various analog and digital modulation functions: AM, FM, PM, ASK, FSK, PSK, and PWM. Standard waveform combine function, capable of outputting specified waveforms combined with the basic waveforms Standard channel tracking function, when enabled, all the parameters of both channels are updated based on users' configurations Standard interface: USB Host&Device and LAN (LXI Core 2011 Device); USB-GPIB function supported 4.3'' TFT Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DG2052 Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator 1x Power cord 1x USB cable

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Highlights Output Frequency (Sine): 70 MHz Output Frequency (Square): 20 MHz Channels: 2 Arbitrary Waveform Length: 16 Mpts Kenmerken Unique SiFi II (Signal Fidelity II) technology: generate the arbitrary waveforms point by point; recover the signal without distortion; sample rate accurate and adjustable; jitter of all the output waveforms (including Sine, Pulse, etc.) as low as 200 ps 16 Mpts memory depth per channel for arbitrary waveforms Standard dual-channel with the same performance, equivalent to two independent signal sources High frequency stability: ±1 ppm; low phase noise: -105 dBc/Hz Built-in high-order harmonic generator (at most 8-order harmonics) Built-in 7 digits/s, 240 MHz bandwidth full featured frequency counter Up to 160 built-in arbitrary waveforms, covering the common signals in engineering application, medical electronics, auto electronics, math processing, and other various fields Sample rate up to 250 MSa/s, vertical resolution 16 bits Arbitrary waveform sequence editing function available; arbitrary waveforms also can be generated through the PC software Various analog and digital modulation functions: AM, FM, PM, ASK, FSK, PSK, and PWM. Standard waveform combine function, capable of outputting specified waveforms combined with the basic waveforms Standard channel tracking function, when enabled, all the parameters of both channels are updated based on users' configurations Standard interface: USB Host&Device and LAN (LXI Core 2011 Device); USB-GPIB function supported 4.3'' TFT Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DG2072 Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator 1x Power cord 1x USB cable

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Highlights Output Frequency (Sine): 100 MHz Output Frequency (Square): 25 MHz Channels: 2 Arbitrary Waveform Length: 16 Mpts Kenmerken Unique SiFi II (Signal Fidelity II) technology: generate the arbitrary waveforms point by point; recover the signal without distortion; sample rate accurate and adjustable; jitter of all the output waveforms (including Sine, Pulse, etc.) as low as 200 ps 16 Mpts memory depth per channel for arbitrary waveforms Standard dual-channel with the same performance, equivalent to two independent signal sources High frequency stability: ±1 ppm; low phase noise: -105 dBc/Hz Built-in high-order harmonic generator (at most 8-order harmonics) Built-in 7 digits/s, 240 MHz bandwidth full featured frequency counter Up to 160 built-in arbitrary waveforms, covering the common signals in engineering application, medical electronics, auto electronics, math processing, and other various fields Sample rate up to 250 MSa/s, vertical resolution 16 bits Arbitrary waveform sequence editing function available; arbitrary waveforms also can be generated through the PC software Various analog and digital modulation functions: AM, FM, PM, ASK, FSK, PSK, and PWM. Standard waveform combine function, capable of outputting specified waveforms combined with the basic waveforms Standard channel tracking function, when enabled, all the parameters of both channels are updated based on users' configurations Standard interface: USB Host&Device and LAN (LXI Core 2011 Device); USB-GPIB function supported 4.3'' TFT Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DG2102 Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator 1x Power cord 1x USB cable

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Specificaties Channels: 3 Total Power: 195 Watts Max. Voltage: 30 Volts Max. Current: 3 Amps Low ripple and noise: <350 ?Vrms/2 mVpp Excellent linear regulation rate and load regulation rate Fast transient response time: <50 ?s Some channels are isolated Standard OVP/OCP/OTP protection functions Standard timing output Built-in V,A,W measurements and waveform display Independent control for each channel 3.5 inch TFT display Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DP832 DC Power Supply 1x Power cord 1x USB cable

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Specificaties Bandwidth: 50 MHz Analog Channels: 4 Real-time sample rate up to 1 GS/s Memory depth up to 24 Mpts Up to 30,000 wfms/s waveform capture rate Up to 60,000 frames hardware real-time waveform recording and playback functions Innovative 'UltraVision' technology Various trigger and bus decoding functions Low noise floor, vertical scale range: 1 mV/div to 10 V/div Various interfaces: USB Host&Device, LAN (LXI), AUX Compact size, light weight, easy to use 7 inch WVGA (800x480) TFT LCD, intensity graded color display Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DS1054Z Oscilloscope 1x Power cord 1x USB cable 4x PVP2150 passive oscilloscope probe (150 MHz)

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Specificaties Bandwidth: 200 MHz Analog Channels: 2 Real-time sample rate up to 1 GS/s Memory depth up to 24 Mpts Up to 30,000 wfms/s waveform capture rate Up to 60,000 frames hardware real-time waveform recording and playback functions Innovative 'UltraVision' technology Various trigger and bus decoding functions Low noise floor, vertical scale range: 1 mV/div to 10 V/div Various interfaces: USB Host&Device, LAN (LXI), AUX Compact size, light weight, easy to use 7 inch WVGA (800x480) TFT LCD, intensity graded color display Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DS1202Z-E Oscilloscope 1x Power cord 1x USB cable 2x PVP2350 passive oscilloscope probe (350 MHz)

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Highlights Frequency: 1.5 GHz DANL: -155 dBm Phase Noise: -80 dBc/Hz RBW: 10 Hz Tracking Generator Specificaties All-Digital IF Technology Frequency Range from 9 kHz up to 1.5 GHz Min. -161 dBm Displayed Average Noise Level (Typ.) Min. < -98 dBc/Hz @ 10 kHz Offset Phase Noise Level Measurement Uncertainty < 0.8 dB 10 Hz Minimum Resolution Bandwidth Up to 1.5 GHz Tracking Generator Advanced Measurement Functions (Opt.) EMI Filter & Quasi-Peak Detector Kit (Opt.) VSWR Measurement Kit (Opt.) PC Software (Opt.) Optional RF TX/RX Training Kit Optional RF Accessories (Cable, Adaptor, Attenuator, Bridge ...) Complete Connectivity: LAN (LXI), USB Host & Device, GPIB (Opt.) 8 Inch WVGA (800x480) Display Compact Size, Light Weight Design Inbegrepen 1x Rigol DSA815-TG Spectrumanalyzer 1x Power cord 1x USB cable

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Highlights Frequency: 1.5 GHz DANL: -161 dBm Phase Noise: -102 dBc/Hz RBW: 1 Hz Specificaties Ultra-Real technology Frequency: up to 1.5 GHz Displayed average noise level (DANL): <-161 dBm (typical) Phase noise: <-102 dBc/Hz (typical) Level measurement uncertainty: <1.0 dB 1.5 GHz tracking generator Min. RBW 1 Hz Up to 10 MHz real-time analysis bandwidth Multiple measurement modes Various advanced measurement functions EMI measurement application (option) Multiple trigger modes and trigger masks Density, spectrogram, and other display modes PC software options 10.1'' capacitive multi-touch screen; supporting touch gestures USB, LAN, HDMI and other communication and display interfaces Inbegrepen 1x Rigol RSA3015E-TG Spectrum Analyzer 1x Power cord 1x USB cable

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With the availability of free and open source C/C++ compilers today, you might wonder why someone would be interested in assembler language. What is so compelling about the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)? How does RISC-V differ from existing architectures? And most importantly, how do we gain experience with the RISC-V without a major investment? Is there affordable hardware available? The availability of the Espressif ESP32-C3 chip provides a way to get hands-on experience with RISC-V. The open sourced QEMU emulator adds a 64-bit experience in RISC-V under Linux. These are just two ways for the student and enthusiast alike to explore RISC-V in this book. The projects in this book are boiled down to the barest essentials to keep the assembly language concepts clear and simple. In this manner you will have “aha!” moments rather than puzzling about something difficult. The focus in this book is about learning how to write RISC-V assembly language code without getting bogged down. As you work your way through this tutorial, you’ll build up small demonstration programs to be run and tested. Often the result is some simple printed messages to prove a concept. Once you’ve mastered these basic concepts, you will be well equipped to apply assembly language in larger projects.

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Robotik und Künstliche Intelligenz

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Dieses Buch ist eine Einführung in das hochaktuelle Gebiet der Robotik. Dabei stehen praktische Anwendungsbeispiele im Vordergrund. Neben den technischen und mechanischen Grundlagen werden die elektronischen Komponenten und Module erläutert. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt dabei der Mikrocontroller. Für Robotik-Anwendungen haben sich zwei Controller-Boards etabliert: der Arduino und der Raspberry Pi. Dem trägt dieses Buch Rechnung und beschreibt praktische Nachbauprojekte mit diesen beiden populären Boards. Getreu der Philosophie des „Learning by Doing“ können sich auch ambitionierte, nichtprofessionelle Anwender mit dem Lernmaterial des Buches einen Überblick über den neuesten Stand der Robotertechnik und KI verschaffen. Für praktische Anwendungen können sowohl komplette Bausätze als auch einzelne Komponenten verwendet werden. Dabei wurde stets darauf geachtet, dass die Hardware möglichst universell einsetzbar ist.

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World’s Most Popular ROS PlatformTurtleBot is the most popular open source robot for education and research. The new generation TurtleBot3 is a small, low cost, fully programmable, ROS based mobile robot. It is intended to be used for education, research, hobby and product prototyping.Affordable CostTurtleBot was developed to meet the cost-conscious needs of schools, laboratories and companies. TurtleBot3 is the most affordable robot among the SLAM-able mobile robots equipped with a 360° Laser Distance Sensor LDS-01.ROS StandardThe TurtleBot brand is managed by Open Robotics, which develops and maintains ROS. Nowadays, ROS has become the go-to platform for all the roboticists around the world. TurtleBot can be integrated with existing ROS-based robot components, but TurtleBot3 can be an affordable platform for whom want to get started learning ROS.ExtensibilityTurtleBot3 encourages users to customize its mechanical structure with some alternative options: open source embedded board (as a control board), computer and sensors. TurtleBot3 Waffle Pi is a two-wheeled differential drive type platform but it is able to be structurally and mechanically customized in many ways: Cars, Bikes, Trailers and so on. Extend your ideas beyond imagination with various SBC, sensors and motors on a scalable structure.Modular Actuator for Mobile RobotTurtleBot3 is able to get a precise spatial data by using 2 DYNAMIXEL’s in the wheel joints. DYNAMIXEL XM series can be operated by one of 6 operating modes (XL series: 4 operating modes): Velocity control mode for wheels, Torque control mode or Position control mode for joint, etc. DYNAMIXEL can be used even to make a mobile manipulator which is light but can be precisely controlled with velocity, torque and position control. DYNAMIXEL is a core component that makes TurtleBot3 perfect. It is easy to assemble, maintain, replace and reconfigure.Open Control Board for ROSThe control board is open-sourced in hardware wise and in software wise for ROS communication. The open source control board OpenCR1.0 is powerful enough to control not only DYNAMIXEL’s but also ROBOTIS sensors that are frequently being used for basic recognition tasks in cost effective way. Various sensors such as Touch sensor, Infrared sensor, Color sensor and a handful more are available. The OpenCR1.0 has an IMU sensor inside the board so that it can enhance precise control for countless applications. The board has 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V power supplies to reinforce the available computer device lineups.Open SourceThe hardware, firmware and software of TurtleBot3 are open source which means that users are welcomed to download, modify and share source codes. All components of TurtleBot3 are manufactured with injection molded plastic to achieve low cost, however, the 3D CAD data is also available for 3D printing.Specifications Maximum translational velocity 0.26 m/s Maximum rotational velocity 1.82 rad/s (104.27 deg/s) Maximum payload 30 kg Size (L x W x H) 281 x 306 x 141 mm Weight (+ SBC + Battery + Sensors) 1.8 kg Threshold of climbing 10 mm or lower Expected operating time 2h Expected charging time 2h 30m SBC (Single Board Computers) Raspberry Pi 4 (2 GB RAM) MCU 32-bit ARM Cortex-M7 with FPU (216 MHz, 462 DMIPS) Remote Controller RC-100B + BT-410 Set (Bluetooth 4, BLE) Actuator XL430-W210 LDS (Laser Distance Sensor) 360 Laser Distance Sensor LDS-01 or LDS-02 Camera Raspberry Pi Camera Module v2.1 IMU Gyroscope 3 AxisAccelerometer 3 Axis Power connectors 3.3 V/800 mA5 V/4 A12 V/1 A Expansion pins GPIO 18 pinsArduino 32 pin Peripheral 3x UART, 1x CAN, 1x SPI, 1x I²C, 5x ADC, 4x 5-pin OLLO DYNAMIXEL ports 3x RS485, 3x TTL Audio Several programmable beep sequences Programmable LEDs 4x User LED Status LEDs 1x Board status LED1x Arduino LED1x Power LED Buttons and Switches 2x Push buttons, 1x Reset button, 2x Dip switch Battery Lithium polymer 11.1 V 1800 mAh / 19.98 Wh 5C PC connection USB Firmware upgrade via USB / via JTAG Power adapter (SMPS) Input: 100-240 VAC 50/60 Hz, 1.5 A @maxOutput: 12 VDC, 5 A Downloads ROS Robot Programming GitHub E-Manual Community

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Aus dem Inhalt Lieferbarkeit von Röhren Passive Übeltäter – Einfluss der Kondensatoren auf den Klang Übertragerwissen Theorie der Trioden Der richtige Einsatz von Gleichrichterröhren Line-Vorverstärker mit Klangsteller Vollverstärker mit 2 x 50 W oder 2 x 40 W HiFi-CD-Player mit Playstation 1 CD-Filter Nachlese In dem Artikel "Moderne Triodenendstufe mit der legendären 2A3" ab Seite 66 wurden bei den Platinenabbildungen die Maßangaben nicht abgedruckt. Hier die Maße der Originalgrößen: Netzteilplatine (S. 68) 123 x 80 mm Stabilisierung (S. 69) 70 x 85 mm Hauptplatine (S. 71) 295 x 135 mm

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Inhalt Grundlagen Kathodengegenkopplung – bei Endröhren durch eine Übertragerwicklung Der Zwischenübertrager Bauanleitungen Eintakt-A-Endstufe mit 4x 6V6 – 6V6 quatroSE – ernsthafter Eintakter mit 16 W, nicht nur für hocheffiziente Lautsprecher CD-Vorverstärker mit CD-Filter Moderne Hybridendstufe Die Kathedrale in der Streichholzschachtel – Elektronische Hallspirale UKW-Mischteil – mit der Doppeltriode ECC2000 und der Triode/Pentode ECF80 Technik In die Röhre geschaut – Computer-tomografische Bilder vom Röhreninneren 6L6GC – with best Regards from the United States of America Röhrensockel Info Die Röhren-Sonderheft-Reihe hat die runde Zahl 10 erreicht Nachruf Jan Jurco – Gründer von JJ Electronic Buchbesprechung Röhrendaten

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Auf 100 Seiten finden Sie interessante und informative Themen zu Röhrentechnik. Unter anderem werden die nachfolgenden Fragen beantwortet: Wie verhalten sich Röhren in Gitarrenverstärkern? Welche Vorstufenröhre ist die richtige? Welchen Einfluss hat die Qualität des Vakuums? Sind Röhrenmikrofone noch immer das Maß aller Dinge? Bauprojekte sind u. a.: Mikrofonvorverstärker in Röhrentechnik Experimentiernetzteil für Röhren Federhall Wah-Wah HiFi-Endstufe für Einsteiger

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Auf 116 Seiten finden Sie interessante und informative Themen, u. a. diese: Mikrofonie: Wie lässt sie sich messen und nachweisen? Rauschen: Wie lässt es sich auf ein Minimum beschränken? Getter: Welchen Einfluss hat es auf die Qualität des Vakuums? EL34: Welche Qualität hat die heute am weitesten verbreitete Endröhre der verschiedenen Hersteller? Bauprojekte sind u. a.: High-End-Kopfhörerverstärker Röhrenempfänger für digitales Radio Studio-Kondensator-Mikrofon Modulares Endstufen-Verstärkersystem 100 W / 200 W Studio-Endstufe Retronik life – Restaurierung alter Röhrenradios

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Aus dem Inhalt Kompakter High-End-Vollverstärker mit PCL 86 Schaltungen mit der neuen Röhre EL 84 T als echte Triode UKW Stereo-Empfänger in Hybrid-Technik Frequenzanzeige für UKW-Tuner mit Nixie-Röhren Kompaktes Labornetzteil zur Entwicklung von Röhrenschaltungen Symmetrix – Vollsymmetrische Endstufe für hochwertigen Hifi- und Studioeinsatz Hybridendstufe Röhrenkennlinien aufnehmen mit dem PC Röhrenvoltmeter

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Aus dem Inhalt Lohnt sich der Selbstbau von Verstärkern noch? Warum HiFi-Geräte unterschiedlich klingen Elkos, Gleichrichter und ihr korrekter Einsatz PPP-Endstufe mit der Röhre EL 84 T Mittelwellen-Zweikreisempfänger 0-V-2-Kurzwellenaudion mit ECC 88 Kaffeewärmer mit Röhrenantrieb Vielseitige Experimentierplatinen Röhrensound-Konverter Mikrofonverstärker mit Röhren EL34, 6L6GC oder KT88 Magische Augen, Fächer und Bänder Kampf den Exemplarstreuungen Einfache Röhrenprüfung Kummer mit minderwertigen Röhren Das SRPP-Prinzip

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