AI in Practice
Dive into the fascinating world of robotics and automation!
This Elektor Special shows you how to build your own robots with creativity, a little know-how, and affordable technology. From your first DIY project with Arduino or Raspberry Pi to intelligent systems with AI – this issue makes modern robotics understandable and accessible.
Discover practical instructions, inspiring projects, and exciting insights into the maker scene. Learn how experimentation, community, and openness give rise to true innovation – and why robotics is so much more than just a technical hobby.
Contents
Imagination turns into reality
Arduino-controlled Drawing Robot
GalaxyRVR Mars Rover Kit for Arduino
YDLIDAR X4Pro Lidar
xHuskyLens AI Camera
DOF Robot Arm with Raspberry Pi Pico
Manufacturing Robots with Fischertechnik
Pneumatic Industrial Robot
Why Do We Keep Building Robot Dogs?
Elektor Mini-Wheelie
Robot Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller development system encompassing hardware, an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and a vast number of libraries. It is supported by an enormous community of programmers, electronic engineers, enthusiasts, and academics. The libraries in particular really smooth Arduino programming and reduce programming time. What’s more, the libraries greatly facilitate testing your programs since most come fully tested and working.
The Raspberry Pi 4 can be used in many applications such as audio and video media devices. It also works in industrial controllers, robotics, games, and in many domestic and commercial applications. The Raspberry Pi 4 also offers Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capability which makes it great for remote and Internet-based control and monitoring applications.
This book is about using both the Raspberry Pi 4 and the Arduino Uno in PID-based automatic control applications. The book starts with basic theory of the control systems and feedback control. Working and tested projects are given for controlling real-life systems using PID controllers. The open-loop step time response, tuning the PID parameters, and the closed-loop time response of the developed systems are discussed together with the block diagrams, circuit diagrams, PID controller algorithms, and the full program listings for both the Raspberry Pi and the Arduino Uno.
The projects given in the book aim to teach the theory and applications of PID controllers and can be modified easily as desired for other applications. The projects given for the Raspberry Pi 4 should work with all other models of Raspberry Pi family.
The book covers the following topics:
Open-loop and closed-loop control systems
Analog and digital sensors
Transfer functions and continuous-time systems
First-order and second-order system time responses
Discrete-time digital systems
Continuous-time PID controllers
Discrete-time PID controllers
ON-OFF temperature control with Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno
PID-based temperature control with Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno
PID-based DC motor control with Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno
PID-based water level control with Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno
PID-based LED-LDR brightness control with Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno
Practical Applications and Project with Arduino, ESP32, and RP2040
Immerse yourself in the fascinating world of control engineering with Arduino and ESP32! This book offers you a practical introduction to classic and modern control methods, including PID controllers, fuzzy logic, and sliding-mode controllers.
In the first part, you will learn the basics of the popular Arduino controllers, such as the Arduino Uno and the ESP32, as well as the integration of sensors for temperature and pH measurement (NTC, PT100, PT1000, and pH sensor).
You will learn how to use these sensors in various projects and how to visualize data on a Nextion TFT display. The course continues with an introduction to actuators such as MOSFET switches, H-bridges, and solid-state relays, which are used to control motors and actuators. You will learn to analyze and model controlled systems, including PT1 and PT2 control.
The book focuses on the implementation of fuzzy and PID controllers for controlling temperature and DC motors. Both the Arduino Uno and the ESP32 are used. The sliding-mode controller is also introduced.
In the second-to-last chapter, you will explore the basics of neural networks and learn how machine learning can be used on an Arduino. In the last chapter, there is a practical example of a fuzzy controller for feeding electricity into the household grid.
This book is the perfect choice for engineers, students, and electronics engineers who want to expand their projects with innovative control techniques.
2 kanalen • 350 MHz • 1 GSa/s • 50.000 wfm/s • 7 inch Touchscreen
De FNIRSI DPOS350P is een gestroomlijnde 4-in-1 krachtpatser in tabletvorm! Dit compacte en draagbare apparaat biedt serieuze functionaliteit: het combineert een 2-kanaals oscilloscoop (350 MHz), een signaalgenerator (50 MHz), een frequentieresponsanalyzer (50 MHz) en een spectrumanalyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz) – alles in één apparaat.
Of u nu bezig bent met R&D, probleemoplossing of veldtesten, de DPOS350P biedt de tools die u nodig hebt om elektronische signalen nauwkeurig en helder te meten, genereren, analyseren en visualiseren. Het responsieve touchscreen met hoge resolutie en de intuïtieve bediening maken signaalanalyse snel, flexibel en efficiënt.
Kenmerken
Krachtige multifunctionele integratie
350 MHz 2-kanaals oscilloscoop met 1 GSa/s realtime sampling
50 MHz signaalgenerator met 14 standaard + aangepaste golfvormen
Spectrum analyzer (200 kHz–350 MHz): Perfect voor EMI, RF en HF-testen
Frequentieresponsanalyzer (FRA) tot 50 MHz
Hoogwaardige golfvormregistratie
Vernieuwingsfrequentie van 50.000 wfm/s voor realtime signaalhelderheid
Bandbreedte van 350 MHz (enkelkanaalsmodus)
Detecteert zeldzame en onwaarschijnlijke afwijkingen
Scherp display & Soepele werking
7" IPS-touchscreen (resolutie 1024 x 600)
Schakelen tussen grijstinten- en kleurtemperatuurweergave
Eenvoudig te bedienen in verschillende testomgevingen
Betrouwbaar, beveiligd en snel opladen
Hoogspanningsbeveiliging tot 400 V
Snel opladen met QC 18 W (volledig opladen in 2 uur)
Gebouwd voor stabiele, langdurige werking
Gegevensopslag en -export
Sla tot 500 golfvormrecords + 90 screenshots op
USB-export voor eenvoudige rapportage en offline analyse
Specificaties
Algemeen
Scherm
7 inch (IPS, volledige kijkhoek)
Resolutie
1024 x 600 pixels
Interactiemodus
Capacitief touchscreen
Totaal stroomverbruik
10 W
Inschakelconfiguratie
5 voorinstellingen
Opladen
QC 18 W, 12 V/1,5 A (USB-C)
Accu
3,7 V, 8000 mAh lithiumbatterij
Accuduur
ca. 3 uur in gebruik, 5 uur stand-by
Warmteafvoer
Luchtkoeling
Uitbreidingsinterface
USB-poort
Automatische uitschakeling
15 tot 60 minuten / uit
Firmware-upgrade
Ondersteunt .iso-image-upgrade
Talen
Engels / Portugees / Russisch / Chinees
Afmetingen
190 x 128 x 37 mm
Oscilloscoop
Analoge kanalen
2
Analoge bandbreedte
350 MHz
Stijgtijd
1 ns
Real-time bemonsteringsfrequentie
1 GSa/s
Geheugendiepte
60 Kpts
Ingangsimpedantie
1 MΩ / 14PF
Tijdbasisbereik
5 ns ~ 50 s
Roltijdbasis
50 ms ~ 50 s
Verticale gevoeligheid
2 mV ~ 20 V (1X)
Verticaal bereik
16 mV ~ 160 V (1X)
DC-nauwkeurigheid
±2%
Tijd nauwkeurigheid
±0,01%
Ingangskoppeling
DC / AC
Probe-verzwakking
1X / 10X / 100X
Hardwarebandbreedtelimiet
150M / 20M
Hoge-resolutiemodus
8 bit ~ 16 bit
Parametermetingen
12 typen
Cursormeting
Tijd, periode, frequentie, niveau, spanning
Triggerdetectie
Digitale trigger
Triggerkanaal
CH1 / CH2
Triggermodus
Auto / Single / Normal
Triggerflank
Rising edge / Falling edge
Triggeronderdrukking
L1 ~ L3
Triggerniveau
Handmatig / automatisch 10% ~ 90%
Screenshot-opslag
90 afbeeldingen
Golfvormopslag
500 groepen
Achtergrondraster
Weergeven/verbergen
Golfvormbeweging
Grof/fijn afstellen
Overspanningsbeveiliging
Bestandsspanning 400 V
Helderheid golfvorm
Instelbaar
Eenvoudig FFT-display
Ja
Digitale fluorescentie
Ja
Kleurtemperatuurweergave
Ja
X-Y-modus
Ja
ZOOM-tijdbasis
Ja
Automatische aanpassing met één druk op de knop
Ja
Terug naar nul met één druk op de knop
Ja
Gegevensbrowser
Ja
Signaalgenerator
Golfvormtypen
14 standaardfuncties + vastgelegde golfvorm
Frequentie
0~50 MHz (alleen sinusgolf, andere golfvormen tot 10M/5M/3M)
Amplitude
0~5 VPP
Offset
-2,5 V ~ +2,5 V
Bedrijfstype cyclus
0,1~99,9%
Frequentieresolutie
1 Hz
Amplituderesolutie
1 mV
Offsetresolutie
1 mV
Inschakelduurresolutie
0,1%
Aanpasbare vastgelegde golfvorm
500 groepen
Frequentieresponsanalyzer (FRA)
Frequentie van het excitatiesignaal
100 Hz ~ 50 MHz
Ampitude van het excitatiesignaal
0~5 VPP
Offset van het excitatiesignaal
-2,5 V ~ +2,5 V
Aantal excitatiefrequenties
20~500
Cursormeting
Frequentie / versterking / fase
Bedrijfsmodus
Enkelvoudig / cyclisch
Systeemkalibratie
Ja
Spectrumanalyzer
Conversiemethode
FFT
FFT-lengte
4K ~ 32K
Frequentiebereik
200 kHz ~ 350 MHz
Niveaubereik
-60 dBmV ~ +260 dBmV
Cursormeting
Frequentie / amplitude
Markeringsparameter
Maximale energieharmonischen
Watervalgrafiek
Ja
3D-watervalgrafiek
Ja
Automatische afstelling
Ja
Systeemkalibratie
Ja
Inbegrepen
1x FNIRSI DPOS350P (4-in-1)
2x 350 MHz-sondes
1x QC 18 W snellader (EU)
1x USB-datakabel
1x Krokodillenklem
1x Opbergtas
1x Manual
Downloads
Manual
Firmware
Projects with Arduino Uno & Raspberry Pi with Examples for the MCP2515 CAN Bus Interface Module
This book details the use of the Arduino Uno and the Raspberry Pi 4 in practical CAN bus based projects. Using either the Arduino Uno or the Raspberry Pi with off-the-shelf CAN bus interface modules considerably ease developing, debugging, and testing CAN bus based projects.
This book is written for students, practicing engineers, enthusiasts, and for everyone else wanting to learn more about the CAN bus and its applications. The book assumes that the reader has some knowledge of basic electronics. Knowledge of the C and Python programming languages and programming the Arduino Uno using its IDE and Raspberry Pi will be useful, especially if the reader intends to develop microcontroller-based projects using the CAN bus.
The book should be a useful source of reference material for anyone interested in finding answers to questions such as:
What bus systems are available for the automotive industry?
What are the principles of the CAN bus?
How can I create a physical CAN bus?
What types of frames (or data packets) are available in a CAN bus system?
How can errors be detected in a CAN bus system and how dependable is a CAN bus system?
What types of CAN bus controllers exist?
How do I use the MCP2515 CAN bus controller?
How do I create 2-node Arduino Uno-based CAN bus projects?
How do I create 3-node Arduino Uno-based CAN bus projects?
How do I set the acceptance masks and acceptance filters?
How do I analyze data on the CAN bus?
How do I create 2-node Raspberry Pi-based CAN bus projects?
How do I create 3-node Raspberry Pi-based CAN bus projects?
Analogue Electronics and Microcontrollers Projects
Hobbyist electronics can be a fun way to learn new skills that can be helpful to your career. Those who understand the basics of electronics can design their own circuits and projects. However, before you run, you need to learn to walk.
It all starts with analogue electronics. You should be familiar with the simple components and circuits and understand their basic behaviors and the issues you may encounter. The best way to do this is through real experiments. Theory alone is not enough. This book offers a large number of practical entry-level circuits, with which everyone can gain the basic experience.
Through the widespread introduction of microcontrollers, a new chapter in electronics has begun. Microcontrollers are now performing more and more tasks that were originally solved using discrete components and conventional ICs. Starting out has become easier and easier thanks to platforms including Bascom, Arduino, micro:bit. The book introduces numerous manageable microcontroller applications. It’s now a case of less soldering and more programming.
Dit bundel bevat de populaire Elektor zandklok voor Raspberry Pi Pico en de nieuwe Elektor laserkop upgrade, en biedt daarmee nog meer mogelijkheden om de tijd weer te geven. U kunt de actuele tijd nu niet alleen in zand "graveren", maar ook op een lichtgevende folie schrijven of groene tekeningen maken.
Inhoud van de bundel
Elektor Zandklok voor Raspberry Pi Pico (normale prijs: € 50)
Elektor Laserkop Upgrade voor Zandklok (normale prijs: € 35)
Zandklok voor Raspberry Pi (een op de Raspberry Pi Pico gebaseerde Eye Catcher)
Een standaard zandklok laat meestal slechts zien hoe de tijd verstrijkt. Deze door een Raspberry Pi Pico aangestuurde zandklok toont daarentegen de exacte tijd door de vier cijfers voor uren en minuten in een zandlaag te "graveren". Na een vooraf ingestelde periode wordt het zand door twee trilmotoren vlak getrild en begint alles weer van voren af aan.
Het hart van de zandklok wordt gevormd door twee servomotoren, die via een pantograafmechanisme een schrijfpen aandrijven. Een derde servomotor tilt deze pen op en neer. Het zandbakje is voorzien van twee trilmotoren om het zand weer vlak te trillen. Het elektronische deel van de zandklok bestaat uit een Raspberry Pi Pico en een RTC/driverbord met een real-time klok, plus drivercircuits voor de servomotoren.
Een gedetailleerde bouwhandleiding is beschikbaar via download.
Kenmerken
Afmetingen: 135 x 110 x 80 mm
Bouwtijd: ca. 1,5 tot 2 uur
Inbegrepen
3x Voorgesneden acrylaatplaten met alle mechanische onderdelen
3x Mini servomotoren
2x Trilmotoren
1x Raspberry Pi Pico
1x RTC/driverkaart met geassembleerde onderdelen
Moeren, boutjes, afstandhouders en draden voor de montage
Fijnkorrelig wit zand
Elektor Laserkop Upgrade voor Zandklok
De nieuwe Elektor Laserkop transformeert de Elektor Zandklok in een klok die de tijd op glow-in-the-dark-film schrijft in plaats van op zand. Naast het weergeven van de tijd kan het ook worden gebruikt om kortstondige tekeningen te maken. De 5 mW laserpointer, met een golflengte van 405 nm, produceert heldergroene tekeningen op de glow-in-the-dark-film. Voor het beste resultaat gebruikt u de kit in een slecht verlichte kamer. Waarschuwing: Kijk nooit rechtstreeks in de laserstraal!
De kit bevat alle benodigde componenten, maar het solderen van drie draden is vereist.
Opmerking: Deze kit is ook compatibel met de originele Arduino-gebaseerde Zandklok uit 2017. Voor meer details, zie Elektor 1-2/2017 en Elektor 1-2/2018.
Clever Tricks with ATmega328 Pro Mini Boards
With a simple Pro Mini board and a few other components, projects that 20 or 30 years ago were unthinkable (or would have cost a small fortune) are realized easily and affordably in this book: From simple LED effects to a full battery charging and testing station that will put a rechargeable through its paces, there’s something for everyone.
All the projects are based on the ATmega328 microcontroller, which offers endless measuring, switching, and control options with its 20 input and output lines. For example, with a 7-segment display and a few resistors, you can build a voltmeter or an NTC-based thermometer. The Arduino platform offers the perfect development environment for programming this range of boards.
Besides these very practical projects, the book also provides the necessary knowledge for you to create projects based on your own ideas. How to measure, and what? Which transistor is suitable for switching a certain load? When is it better to use an IC? How do you switch mains voltage? Even LilyPad-based battery-operated projects are discussed in detail, as well as many different motors, from simple DC motors to stepper motors.
Sensors are another exciting topic: For example, a simple infrared receiver that can give disused remote controls a new lease on life controlling your home, and a tiny component that can actually measure the difference in air pressure between floor and table height!
Based on PIC microcontrollers and Arduino
Every mobile phone includes a GSM/GPRS modem which enables the phone to communicate with the external world. With the help of the GSM modems, users can establish audio conversations and send and receive SMS text messages. In addition, the GPRS modem enables users to connect to the internet and to send and receive large files such as pictures and video over the internet.
This book is aimed for the people who may want to learn how to use the GSM/GPRS modems in microcontroller based projects. Two types of popular microcontroller families are considered in the e-book: PIC microcontrollers, and the Arduino. The highly popular mid-performance PIC18F87J50 microcontroller is used in PIC based projects together with a GSM Click board. In addition, the SIM900 GSM/GPRS shield is used with the Arduino Uno projects. Both GSM and GPRS based projects are included in the e-book.
The book will enable you to control equipment remotely by sending SMS messages from your mobile phone to the microcontroller, send the ambient temperature readings from the microcontroller to a mobile phone as SMS messages, use the GPRS commands to access the internet from a microcontroller, send temperature readings to the cloud using UDP and TCP protocols and so on.
It is assumed that the reader has some basic working knowledge of the C language and the use of microcontrollers in simple projects. Although not necessary, knowledge of at least one member of the PIC microcontroller family and the Arduino Uno will be an advantage. It will also be useful if the user has some knowledge of basic electronics.
Mit Arduino – Schaltungsprojekte für Profis wird der Leser umfassend in die Hardware und Software der Arduino-Plattform eingeführt. Einfache, leicht verständliche Projekte am Anfang des Buches führen Schritt für Schritt in die Open-Source-Plattform ein. Die Projekte werden dann zunehmend komplexer, um dem Leser möglichst viele konkrete Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, die mit dem Arduino-Mikrocontroller auch für angehende Profis zur Verfügung stehen.
Dabei wird neben den erforderlichen theoretischen Grundlagen stets größter Wert auf eine praxisorientierte Ausrichtung gelegt. So werden wichtige Techniken wie AD-Wandlung, Timer oder Interrupts stets in Praxisprojekte eingebettet. Es entstehen Lauflichteffekte, ein Aufwachlicht, voll funktionsfähige Voltmeter, präzise Digitalthermometer, Uhren in allen Variationen, Reaktionszeitmesser oder mausgesteuerte Roboterarme. Und ganz nebenbei hat der Leser die Grundlagen der zugehörigen Controller-Technik verstanden und im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes begriffen.