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This collection features the best of Elektor Magazine's articles on embedded systems and artificial intelligence. From hands-on programming guides to innovative AI experiments, these pieces offer valuable insights and practical knowledge for engineers, developers, and enthusiasts exploring the evolving intersection of hardware design, software innovation, and intelligent technology. Contents Programming PICs from the Ground UpAssembler routine to output a sine wave Object-Oriented ProgrammingA Short Primer Using C++ Programming an FPGA Tracking Down Microcontroller Buffer Overflows with 0xDEADBEEF Too Quick to Code and Too Slow to Test? Understanding the Neurons in Neural NetworksEmbedded Neurons MAUI Programming for PC, Tablet, and SmartphoneThe New Framework in Theory and Practice USB Killer DetectorBetter Safe Than Sorry Understanding the Neurons in Neural NetworksArtificial Neurons A Bare-Metal Programming Guide Part 1: For STM32 and Other Controllers Part 2: Accurate Timing, the UART, and Debugging Part 3: CMSIS Headers, Automatic Testing, and a Web Server Introduction to TinyMLBig Is Not Always Better Microprocessors for Embedded SystemsPeculiar Parts, the Series FPGAs for BeginnersThe Path From MCU to FPGA Programming AI in Electronics DevelopmentAn Update After Only One Year AI in the Electronics LabGoogle Bard and Flux Copilot Put to the Test ESP32 and ChatGPTOn the Way to a Self-Programming System… Audio DSP FX Processor Board Part 1: Features and Design Part 2: Creating Applications Rust + EmbeddedA Development Power Duo A Smart Object CounterImage Recognition Made Easy with Edge Impulse Universal Garden LoggerA Step Towards AI Gardening A VHDL ClockMade with ChatGPT TensorFlow Lite on Small MicrocontrollersA (Very) Beginner’s Point of View Mosquito DetectionUsing Open Datasets and Arduino Nicla Vision Artificial Intelligence Timeline Intro to AI AlgorithmsPrompt: Which Algorithms Implement Each AI Tool? Bringing AI to the Edgewith ESP32-P4 The Growing Role of Edge AIA Trend Shaping the Future

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Modular and Scalable Control Systems Using Structured Text This book offers a structured and practical approach to modern PLC development using object-oriented principles. It is a guide for engineers, programmers, and students seeking to harness the power of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of industrial automation with PLCs. The content focuses on the CODESYS development environment and Structured Text (ST), both of which support modern programming techniques while maintaining compatibility with real-time automation requirements. Through step-by-step demos and instructional examples, it demonstrates how modular, reusable code can enhance development efficiency, simplify ongoing maintenance, and enable scalable and flexible control system architectures. Key topics include: Structured Text fundamentals: conditions, loops, arrays, and functions Object-oriented concepts: classes, methods, and inheritance Advanced techniques: polymorphism, interfaces, and access control Modular design with reusable components and structured program flow Implementation of finite state machines and scalable application design Built around instructional demos and clear explanations, this book helps readers develop maintainable and modern control software in the CODESYS environment using proven programming techniques.

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The Siglent SPD4121X is a 4-channel DC Linear Programmable Power Supply equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display, friendly human-machine interface, and excellent performance indicators. Real-time waveform display provides engineers with an informative user interface. SPD4121X offers a total output power of 285 W with a resolution of 1 mV/1 mA. The maximum voltage and current for each channel are as follows: CH1: 15 V/1.5 A CH2: 12 V/10 A CH3: 12 V/10 A CH4: 15 V/1.5 A Kenmerken Rated output power: 285 W Rated voltage: 32 V, 12 V, 30 V Up to four high-precision power supplies with independent controllable outputs, supporting CH2 and CH3 series and parallel connections Clear graphical interface with waveform and timer display modes 5-digit voltage and current display with minimum resolution of 1 mV, 1 mA Fast output response time: <50us The high current channel support remote voltage compensation sense function. The maximum compensation voltage is 0.6 V Overvoltage protection and overcurrent protection or safe and accurate operation Equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display (480 x 272 resolution) USB and LAN standard communication USB-GPIB module is optional Excellent channel density with up to 4 channels in a 3U half rack package Internal data storage for setups and parameters Embedded Web Server with instrument communication that doesn’t require software installation Fully SCPI programming command set support as well as a LabView driver for remote control and system automation Specificaties SPD4323X SPD4121X SPD4306X Channel Output CH1: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1 A Resolution 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA Setting Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Readback Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display Output power 240 W 285 W 400 W Inbegrepen 1x Siglent SPD4121X Power Supply 1x Power cord (EU) 1x Output test cord (3 A) 1x USB cable 1x Quick start guide Downloads Datasheet Manual Quick start

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Principles, Systems, and Electronics This handbook provides a detailed study of the sensors and actuators at the heart of modern vehicle electronics. It begins with basic electrical and electronic concepts, introducing the principles and terminology essential for understanding automotive systems. The book explores sensors and actuators on a system-by-system basis, including: Fundamentals of electrical engineering, electromagnetic phenomena, and motor principles Passive and active electronic components, integrated circuits, protection devices, and automotive-grade electronics Sensor characteristics, signal conditioning, ADCs, PWM and frequency outputs, and interface adaptation Automotive communication links and protocols, including LIN and SENT Engine sensors: air mass, pressure, temperature, speed, position, exhaust and emissions-related sensors Transmission sensors for manual and automatic systems Steering and suspension sensors for conventional and active systems Vehicle body and electrical system sensors for comfort, climate, access, and monitoring functions Engine actuators such as throttle bodies, injectors, turbo actuators, EGR systems, ignition components, and pumps Transmission, brake, steering, suspension, and body actuators Identification and coding of electronic components and packages commonly used in automotive applications The structure and operating principles of each component are explained, with relevant electronic circuitry illustrated. Its system-oriented organization and practical focus make it a valuable reference for understanding, testing, and troubleshooting automotive electronic systems.

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Practical Applications and Project with Arduino, ESP32, and RP2040 Immerse yourself in the fascinating world of control engineering with Arduino and ESP32! This book offers you a practical introduction to classic and modern control methods, including PID controllers, fuzzy logic, and sliding-mode controllers. In the first part, you will learn the basics of the popular Arduino controllers, such as the Arduino Uno and the ESP32, as well as the integration of sensors for temperature and pH measurement (NTC, PT100, PT1000, and pH sensor). You will learn how to use these sensors in various projects and how to visualize data on a Nextion TFT display. The course continues with an introduction to actuators such as MOSFET switches, H-bridges, and solid-state relays, which are used to control motors and actuators. You will learn to analyze and model controlled systems, including PT1 and PT2 control. The book focuses on the implementation of fuzzy and PID controllers for controlling temperature and DC motors. Both the Arduino Uno and the ESP32 are used. The sliding-mode controller is also introduced. In the second-to-last chapter, you will explore the basics of neural networks and learn how machine learning can be used on an Arduino. In the last chapter, there is a practical example of a fuzzy controller for feeding electricity into the household grid. This book is the perfect choice for engineers, students, and electronics engineers who want to expand their projects with innovative control techniques.

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LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT & LTE-M Compared The Internet of Things depends on a critical question. How do you connect devices that must operate for years on tiny batteries, often miles from the nearest power outlet? This Elektor Technical Brief provides a practical guide to the technologies that have become the backbone of long-range, low-power IoT connectivity. Compiled by the Elektor Content Team, this concise technical brief examines the real engineering tradeoffs behind today’s leading Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies: LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M. By referencing a wide range of Elektor articles and other online content, this document explains why link budget, noise, bandwidth, and power consumption ultimately determine system performance. From there, it explores the architectures, strengths, limitations, and deployment realities of each major LPWAN technology, helping you understand not just how they work, but when and why to use them. Whether you’re designing smart meters, industrial sensors, agricultural monitoring systems, asset trackers, or connected infrastructure, this guide provides the insights needed to make informed connectivity decisions. Along the way, you’ll discover: Why LPWAN technologies emerged and where they fit in the IoT landscape The RF fundamentals that drive range, reliability, and battery life Details about LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M Practical comparisons of power, coverage, latency, cost, and deployment models Guidance for selecting the right LPWAN technology for your application Emerging trends shaping the future of long-range IoT connectivity Clear, accessible, and grounded in real engineering practice, this Technical Brief helps you move beyond specifications and marketing claims to understand what matters most. If you’re building connected products that need to survive in the field — not just in the lab — this is the LPWAN guide you’ll want at your side. Elektor helped launch the first wave of electronics makers in 1961. Since then, our global community has grown by hundreds of thousands of active members (comprising professional engineers, makers, and students) and more than 500 contributing experts. Every day, we inspire members to design and earn money with electronics.

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The Siglent SPD4306X is a 4-channel DC Linear Programmable Power Supply equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display, friendly human-machine interface, and excellent performance indicators. Real-time waveform display provides engineers with an informative user interface. SPD4306X offers a total output power of 400 W with a resolution of 1 mV/1 mA. The maximum voltage and current for each channel are as follows: CH1: 15 V/1.5 A CH2: 30 V/6 A CH3: 30 V/6 A CH4: 15 V/1 A Kenmerken Rated output power: 400 W Rated voltage: 32 V, 12 V, 30 V Up to four high-precision power supplies with independent controllable outputs, supporting CH2 and CH3 series and parallel connections Clear graphical interface with waveform and timer display modes 5-digit voltage and current display with minimum resolution of 1 mV, 1 mA Fast output response time: <50us The high current channel support remote voltage compensation sense function. The maximum compensation voltage is 0.6 V Overvoltage protection and overcurrent protection or safe and accurate operation Equipped with a 4.3-inch TFT-LCD display (480 x 272 resolution) USB and LAN standard communication USB-GPIB module is optional Excellent channel density with up to 4 channels in a 3U half rack package Internal data storage for setups and parameters Embedded Web Server with instrument communication that doesn’t require software installation Fully SCPI programming command set support as well as a LabView driver for remote control and system automation Specificaties SPD4323X SPD4121X SPD4306X Channel Output CH1: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 32 V Current 0 to 3.2 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 6 V Current 0 to 3.2 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 12 V Current 0 to 10 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 A CH1: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1.5 ACH2: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH3: Voltage 0 to 30 V Current 0 to 6 ACH4: Voltage 0 to 15 V Current 0 to 1 A Resolution 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA 1 mV, 1 mA Setting Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Readback Accuracy Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Voltage: ±(0.03% of reading+10) mV, Current: ±(0.3% of reading+10) mA Display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display 4.3" TFT-LCD 5-digit voltage and current display Output power 240 W 285 W 400 W Inbegrepen 1x Siglent SPD4306X Power Supply 1x Power cord (EU) 1x Output test cord (3 A) 1x USB cable 1x Quick start guide Downloads Datasheet Manual Quick start

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Projects Using Arduino IDE and the LVGL Graphics Library The ESP32 is probably one of the most popular microcontrollers used by many people, including students, hobbyists, and professional engineers. Its low cost, coupled with rich features makes it a popular device to use in many projects. Recently, a board called the ESP32 Cheap Yellow Display (CYD for short) is available from its manufacturers. The board includes a standard ESP32 microcontroller together with a 320x240 pixel TFT display. Additionally, the board provides several connectors for interfaces such as GPIO, serial port (TX/RX), power and Ground. The inclusion of a TFT display is a real advantage as it enables users to design complex graphics-based projects without resorting to an external LCD or graphics displays. The book describes the basic hardware of the ESP32 CYD board and provides details of its on-board connectors. Many basic, simple, and intermediate-level projects are given in the book based on the ESP32 CYD, using the highly popular Arduino IDE 2.0 integrated development environment. The use of both the basic graphics functions and the use of the popular LVGL graphics library are discussed in the book and projects are given that use both types of approaches. All the projects given in the book have been tested and are working. The block diagram, circuit diagram, and the complete program listings and program descriptions of all the projects are given with explanations. Readers can use the LVGL graphics library to design highly popular eye-catching full-color graphics projects using widgets such as buttons, labels, calendars, keypads, keyboards, message boxes, spinboxes, sliders, charts, tables, menus, bars, switches, drop-down lists, animations, and many more widgets.

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For Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and nRF52 with Python, Arduino and Zephyr Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio chips are ubiquitous from Raspberry Pi to light bulbs. BLE is an elaborate technology with a comprehensive specification, but the basics are quite accessible. A progressive and systematic approach will lead you far in mastering this wireless communication technique, which is essential for working in low power scenarios. In this book, you’ll learn how to: Discover BLE devices in the neighborhood by listening to their advertisements. Create your own BLE devices advertising data. Connect to BLE devices such as heart rate monitors and proximity reporters. Create secure connections to BLE devices with encryption and authentication. Understand BLE service and profile specifications and implement them. Reverse engineer a BLE device with a proprietary implementation and control it with your own software. Make your BLE devices use as little power as possible. This book shows you the ropes of BLE programming with Python and the Bleak library on a Raspberry Pi or PC, with C++ and NimBLE-Arduino on Espressif’s ESP32 development boards, and with C on one of the development boards supported by the Zephyr real-time operating system, such as Nordic Semiconductor's nRF52 boards. Starting with a very little amount of theory, you’ll develop code right from the beginning. After you’ve completed this book, you’ll know enough to create your own BLE applications.

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. AI Tools for Hardware PrototypingWhat Helps, What Does Not, and Where the Engineer Still Has to Sit ZSWatch — From Idea to ProductPart 1: A Completely Open Smartwatch Three-Way Tone ControlHigh-End — For That Little Bit Extra electronica Fast Forward 202610 Years of Innovation Microcontroller PrototypingAn Overview of Popular Boards Prototyping BreadboardsPeculiar Parts, the Series Designing for OrbitA Maker’s Guide to COTS Selection, Radiation Resilience, and Mission Architecture Thermal Management for Reliable ElectronicsWhen Every Degree Counts From Concept to GadgetBuilding Embedded Systems That Ship Understanding the EU Cyber Resilience ActWhat the CRA Demands and How to Meet It: A Guide for Embedded Engineers Lusight: Printed Displays You Can Reveal with Your PhoneDiscover What Is Inside the Badge on the Cover of Elektor’s electronica Edition Teaching a Robot Arm to See and MoveAI-Driven Manipulation Using a 3D-Printed Robot Loop Antenna with RF BricksPart 2: Signal Processing From Prototype to ProductionPractical Lessons from the Elektor Community Project UpdatesFeedback, Ideas, Corrections Handheld Audio GeneratorA Reference Signal Source for Quick Audio Systems Setup AudiotronicsMore Distortion, and a Level-Matching Amplifier 2026: An AI OdysseyWhen AI Starts Building AI Wireless Workshop (2)Radio Modules Unlocked: 2.4-GHz nRF24L01P Transceiver The Digital Path Building an Open-Source SmartwatchDaniel Kampert on ZSWatch, Open Hardware, and Engineering Trade-Offs How to Prepare for Professional SMD Assembly Engineering Beyond the BenchSystem Integration, Troubleshooting, and Real-World Testing Elektor at 65Projects from Novembers and Decembers Past Avionics Instrument SimulatorESP32-S3-Based, with Round HMI Display

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Principles, Systems, and Electronics This handbook provides a detailed study of the sensors and actuators at the heart of modern vehicle electronics. It begins with basic electrical and electronic concepts, introducing the principles and terminology essential for understanding automotive systems. The book explores sensors and actuators on a system-by-system basis, including: Fundamentals of electrical engineering, electromagnetic phenomena, and motor principles Passive and active electronic components, integrated circuits, protection devices, and automotive-grade electronics Sensor characteristics, signal conditioning, ADCs, PWM and frequency outputs, and interface adaptation Automotive communication links and protocols, including LIN and SENT Engine sensors: air mass, pressure, temperature, speed, position, exhaust and emissions-related sensors Transmission sensors for manual and automatic systems Steering and suspension sensors for conventional and active systems Vehicle body and electrical system sensors for comfort, climate, access, and monitoring functions Engine actuators such as throttle bodies, injectors, turbo actuators, EGR systems, ignition components, and pumps Transmission, brake, steering, suspension, and body actuators Identification and coding of electronic components and packages commonly used in automotive applications The structure and operating principles of each component are explained, with relevant electronic circuitry illustrated. Its system-oriented organization and practical focus make it a valuable reference for understanding, testing, and troubleshooting automotive electronic systems.

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The author, Johan Basse Bergqvist, is an engineer, a musician, and an audiophile with a knack for building projects that produce the desired results. The combination of these skills leads to a uniquely valuable perspective on audio design that is routinely reflected in the book and passed on to the readers. Several design projects are provided, 40 in total. The designs are explained, and the unique features or methods he uses are described in further detail. Each design includes detailed schematics and a complete parts list. Many of the projects also include layout documentation in the form of CAD photos of the PCB layouts. The range of projects is very diverse and includes something that will appeal to everyone. Stereo amplifiers, guitar and bass amplifiers, preamplifiers for phono, and microphones are all covered. Several variants for each type are included, and the power amplifier designs range from a few watts to several hundred watts, which meet almost any power level you might tackle.

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