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Modular and Scalable Control Systems Using Structured Text This book offers a structured and practical approach to modern PLC development using object-oriented principles. It is a guide for engineers, programmers, and students seeking to harness the power of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of industrial automation with PLCs. The content focuses on the CODESYS development environment and Structured Text (ST), both of which support modern programming techniques while maintaining compatibility with real-time automation requirements. Through step-by-step demos and instructional examples, it demonstrates how modular, reusable code can enhance development efficiency, simplify ongoing maintenance, and enable scalable and flexible control system architectures. Key topics include: Structured Text fundamentals: conditions, loops, arrays, and functions Object-oriented concepts: classes, methods, and inheritance Advanced techniques: polymorphism, interfaces, and access control Modular design with reusable components and structured program flow Implementation of finite state machines and scalable application design Built around instructional demos and clear explanations, this book helps readers develop maintainable and modern control software in the CODESYS environment using proven programming techniques.

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Developing CoAP applications for Thread networks with Zephyr This book will guide you through the operation of Thread, the setup of a Thread network, and the creation of your own Zephyr-based OpenThread applications to use it. You’ll acquire knowledge on: The capture of network packets on Thread networks using Wireshark and the nRF Sniffer for 802.15.4. Network simulation with the OpenThread Network Simulator. Connecting a Thread network to a non-Thread network using a Thread Border Router. The basics of Thread networking, including device roles and types, as well as the diverse types of unicast and multicast IPv6 addresses used in a Thread network. The mechanisms behind network discovery, DNS queries, NAT64, and multicast addresses. The process of joining a Thread network using network commissioning. CoAP servers and clients and their OpenThread API. Service registration and discovery. Securing CoAP messages with DTLS, using a pre-shared key or X.509 certificates. Investigating and optimizing a Thread device’s power consumption. Once you‘ve set up a Thread network with some devices and tried connecting and disconnecting them, you’ll have gained a good insight into the functionality of a Thread network, including its self-healing capabilities. After you’ve experimented with all code examples in this book, you’ll also have gained useful programming experience using the OpenThread API and CoAP.

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Developing CoAP applications for Thread networks with Zephyr This book will guide you through the operation of Thread, the setup of a Thread network, and the creation of your own Zephyr-based OpenThread applications to use it. You’ll acquire knowledge on: The capture of network packets on Thread networks using Wireshark and the nRF Sniffer for 802.15.4. Network simulation with the OpenThread Network Simulator. Connecting a Thread network to a non-Thread network using a Thread Border Router. The basics of Thread networking, including device roles and types, as well as the diverse types of unicast and multicast IPv6 addresses used in a Thread network. The mechanisms behind network discovery, DNS queries, NAT64, and multicast addresses. The process of joining a Thread network using network commissioning. CoAP servers and clients and their OpenThread API. Service registration and discovery. Securing CoAP messages with DTLS, using a pre-shared key or X.509 certificates. Investigating and optimizing a Thread device’s power consumption. Once you‘ve set up a Thread network with some devices and tried connecting and disconnecting them, you’ll have gained a good insight into the functionality of a Thread network, including its self-healing capabilities. After you’ve experimented with all code examples in this book, you’ll also have gained useful programming experience using the OpenThread API and CoAP.

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Dit boek gaat over de Raspberry Pi, en over het programmeren in C. De programmeertaal C en het besturingssysteem Linux (Raspbian) passen uitstekend bij elkaar. Alles wat we nodig hebben om in C te programmeren wordt meegeleverd met het besturingssysteem van de Raspberry Pi. In dit boek leert u hoe C gebruikt wordt met de Raspberry Pi, en krijgt u een overzicht van de taal. WiringPi is een softwarebibliotheek voor de Raspberry Pi waarmee C hardware-uitbreidingen kan benaderen. Die bibliotheek wordt gebruikt om sensoren uit te lezen en om extra hardware aan te sturen. U gaat experimenteren met LED’s en schakelaars, met motoren, met geluid en met sensoren voor temperatuur, luchtdruk, en luchtvochtigheid. Met een Linux-systeem kunt u een webserver maken, inclusief interactieve websites met PHP en WiringPi. Daarom is ook een beknopt overzicht van HTML en PHP in het boek opgenomen. In de voorbeelden worden sensoren via het web uitgelezen en worden apparaten bestuurd. In het laatste voorbeeld wordt een temperatuurlogger gemaakt. Die meet elk kwartier de temperatuur. Een tabel met de meetwaarden kan via het web worden uitgelezen. Alle voorbeeldprogramma’s kunnen worden gedownload van de website van Elektor.

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Beginselen van het programmeren Eenvoudige projecten voor beginners Interface- en hardware-uitbreidingen Complexe projecten voor gevorderden Twee zaken hebben in belangrijke mate bijgedragen aan het grote succes van het Arduinoplatform. De eerste is de complete, gebruiksklare processorprint die de kennismaking met dehardware aanzienlijk vergemakkelijkt. En de tweede is de gratis verkrijgbare programmeerinterface, die zonder ingewikkelde installatieprocedures meteen gebruikt kan worden. Eenvoudige projecten voor beginners garanderen snelle resultaten. Het is niet nodig eerst ingewikkelde parameters (processortype of interface-instellingen) te selecteren -- de eerste voorbeeldprogramma's kunnen al na enkele minuten in de Arduino worden geladen en uitgeprobeerd. De Arduino-gebruiker wordt geholpen door een groot aantal software-bibliotheken -- maar deze nog dagelijks groeiende schat aan libraries vormt juist voor de beginner een luxe-probleem: na de eerste eenvoudige voorbeelden is het niet altijd even duidelijk hoe het nu verder moet. Bij de in het internet circulerende projecten ontbreekt het in veel gevallen aan gedetailleerd commentaar en uitleg. Er is geen duidelijk herkenbare leidraad, en eigenlijk is dat ook niet zo vreemd omdat de toepassingen door verschillende mensen voor verschillende doeleinden zijn ontwikkeld. Dat is waar dit boek te hulp komt. Projecten worden op een systematische manier gepresenteerd, waarbij elk project een ander onderwerp belicht. De aanpak is praktijkgericht, maar de noodzakelijke theoretische achtergrond wordt daarbij niet uit het oog verloren. Belangrijke onderwerpen zoals A/D-omzetting, timers en interrupts worden steeds in praktische projecten 'ingebed'. In het boek komen zaken als looplicht-effecten, praktisch bruikbare voltmeters, nauwkeurige digitale thermometers, allerlei soorten klokken, reactietesters en zelfs een muisgestuurde robotkraan aan de orde. En al lezende en doende krijgt de lezer een gedegen inzicht in de achterliggende controllertechnieken.

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Eine Einführung in die Schaltungssimulation LTspice wurde von Mike Engelhardt entwickelt und gehört inzwischen zu Analog Devices. Es handelt sich dabei um ein Programm zur Schaltplanerstellung – einen leistungsstarken, schnellen und kostenlosen SPICE-Simulator sowie um ein Werkzeug zur Darstellung von Kurvenverläufen. Es bietet eine umfangreiche Bauteildatenbank, die weltweit durch SPICE-Modelle unterstützt wird. Mit LTspice kann man schnell und einfach Schaltpläne erstellen. Dank der leistungsfähigen grafischen Ausgabefunktionen lassen sich Spannungen und Ströme in einer Schaltung, die Leistungsaufnahme der Bauteile und viele weitere Parameter darstellen. Ziel dieses Buches ist es, den Entwurf und die Simulation elektronischer Schaltungen mit LTspice zu vermitteln. Es behandelt unter anderem folgende Themen: DC und AC-Schaltungen Kleinsignal- und Z-Dioden Transistorschaltungen inkl. Oszillatoren Tryristor-, Diac- und Triacschaltungen Operationsverstärkerschaltungen inkl. Oszillatoren Der 555 Timer-IC Filter Spannungsregler Optokoppler Erstellung von Spannungskurven Simulation von Logikschaltungen mit der 74HC-Familie SPICE-Modellierung LTspice ist ein äußerst vielseitiges Werkzeug zur Simulation elektronischer Schaltungen mit zahlreichen Funktionen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Eine vollständige Behandlung aller Details würde jedoch den Rahmen dieses Buches sprengen. Daher konzentriert sich das Buch auf die gängigsten Themen wie DC- und AC-Analyse, Parametersweep, Übertragungsfunktionen, Oszillatoren, Diagramme und weitere grundlegende Anwendungen. Obwohl es sich um eine Einführung handelt, deckt dieses Buch dennoch die meisten Interessensgebiete all jener ab, die sich mit der Simulation elektronischer Schaltungen beschäftigen.

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This book is about teaching the Python programming language using the Raspberry Pi 4 computer. The book makes an introduction to Raspberry Pi 4 and then teaches Python with the topics: variables, strings, arrays, matrices, tuples, lists, dictionaries, user functions, flow of control, printing, keyboard input, graphics, GUI, object oriented programming and many more topics. The book is aimed for beginners, students, practising engineers, hobbyists, and for anyone else who may want to learn to program in Python. The book includes many example programs and case studies. All the example programs and case studies have been tested fully by the author and are all working. The example programs aim to teach the various programming concepts of Python. The case studies cover the use of Python in the analysis and design of electronic circuits. Some of the case study topics are: Resistor colour code identification Resistive potential divider circuits Resistive attenuator design Zener diode voltage regulator design RC and RLC transient circuits Circuit frequency response Saving data on external memory stick Mesh and node circuit analysis using matrices Resonance in RLC circuits Transistor Biasing analysis Transistor amplifier design Design of active filters Interfacing hardware with GPIO, I²C and SPI Using Wi-Fi with Python and TCP/IP and UDP programs Using Bluetooth from Python Full program listings of all the programs used in the book are available at the Elektor website of the book. Readers should be able just to copy and use these programs in their Raspberry Pi projects without any modifications.

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The PC has long-time outgrown its function as a pure computer and has become an all-purpose machine. This book is targeted towards those people that want to control existing or self-built hardware from their computer. Using Visual Basic as Rapid Application Development tool we will take you on a journey to unlock the world beyond the connectors of the PC. After familiarising yourself with Visual Basic, its development environment and the toolset it offers, items such as serial communications, printer ports, bit-banging, protocol emulation, ISA, USB and Ethernet interfacing and the remote control of test-equipment over the GPIB bus, are covered in extent. Each topic is accompanied by clear, ready to run code, and where necessary, schematics are provided that will get your projects up to speed in no time. This book will show you advanced things like: using tools like Debug to find hardware addresses, setting up remote communication using TCP/IP and UDP sockets and even writing your own internet servers. Or how about connecting your own block of hardware over USB or Ethernet and controlling it from Visual Basic. Other things like internet-program communication, DDE and the new graphics interface of Windows XP are covered as well. All examples are ready to compile using Visual Basic 5.0, 6.0, NET or 2005. Extensive coverage is given on the differences between what could be called Visual Basic Classic and Visual basic .NET / 2005.

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Mastering PCB design with real-world projects This book builts on KiCad Like a Pro – Fundamentals and Projects and aims to help you practice your new KiCad skills by challenging you in a series of real-world projects. The projects are supported by a comprehensive set of recipes with detailed instructions on how to achieve a variety of simple and complex tasks. Design the PCBs for a solar power supply, an LED matrix array, an Arduino-powered datalogger, and a custom ESP32 board. Understand the finer details of the interactive router, how to manage KiCad project teams with Git, how to use an autorouter on 2 and 4-layer PCBs, and much more. KiCad 8 is a modern, cross-platform application suite built around schematic and design editors. This stable and mature PCB tool is a perfect fit for electronic engineers and makers. With KiCad 8, you can create PCBs of any complexity and size without the constraints associated with the commercial packages. Here are the most significant improvements and features in KiCad 8, both over and under the hood: Modern user interface, completely redesigned from earlier versions Improved and customizable electrical and design rule checkers Theme editor allowing you to fully customize the look of KiCad on your screen Ability to import projects from Eagle, CADSTART, and more An improved and tightly integrated SPICE circuit simulator Autorouting with the Freerouting plugin Filters define which elements of a layout are selectable Enhanced interactive router helps you draw single tracks and differential pairs with precision New or enhanced tools to draw tracks, measure distances, tune track lengths, etc. Enhanced tool for creating filled zones A customizable coordinate system facilitates data exchange with other CAD applications Realistic ray-tracing capable 3D viewer Differential pair routing Rich repositories of symbol, footprint, and 3D shape libraries Python scripting API for programmatic customization and extensions Improved footprint wizard for fast custom footprints

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E-Book: Physik-Experimente mit Arduino

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AI in Practice Dive into the fascinating world of robotics and automation! This Elektor Special shows you how to build your own robots with creativity, a little know-how, and affordable technology. From your first DIY project with Arduino or Raspberry Pi to intelligent systems with AI – this issue makes modern robotics understandable and accessible. Discover practical instructions, inspiring projects, and exciting insights into the maker scene. Learn how experimentation, community, and openness give rise to true innovation – and why robotics is so much more than just a technical hobby. Contents Imagination turns into reality Arduino-controlled Drawing Robot GalaxyRVR Mars Rover Kit for Arduino YDLIDAR X4Pro Lidar xHuskyLens AI Camera DOF Robot Arm with Raspberry Pi Pico Manufacturing Robots with Fischertechnik Pneumatic Industrial Robot Why Do We Keep Building Robot Dogs? Elektor Mini-Wheelie Robot Vehicles and Autonomous Driving

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With the availability of free and open source C/C++ compilers today, you might wonder why someone would be interested in assembler language. What is so compelling about the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)? How does RISC-V differ from existing architectures? And most importantly, how do we gain experience with the RISC-V without a major investment? Is there affordable hardware available? The availability of the Espressif ESP32-C3 chip provides a way to get hands-on experience with RISC-V. The open sourced QEMU emulator adds a 64-bit experience in RISC-V under Linux. These are just two ways for the student and enthusiast alike to explore RISC-V in this book. The projects in this book are boiled down to the barest essentials to keep the assembly language concepts clear and simple. In this manner you will have “aha!” moments rather than puzzling about something difficult. The focus in this book is about learning how to write RISC-V assembly language code without getting bogged down. As you work your way through this tutorial, you’ll build up small demonstration programs to be run and tested. Often the result is some simple printed messages to prove a concept. Once you’ve mastered these basic concepts, you will be well equipped to apply assembly language in larger projects.

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