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An Introduction to RISC-V RISC-V is an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) that is both free and open. This means that the RISC-V ISA itself does not require a licensing fee, although individual implementations may do so. The RISC-V ISA is curated by a non-profit foundation with no commercial interest in products or services that use it, and it is possible for anyone to submit contributions to the RISC-V specifications. The RISC-V ISA is suitable for applications ranging from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers. This book will first describe the 32-bit RISC-V ISA, including both the base instruction set as well as the majority of the currently-defined extensions. The book will then describe, in detail, an open-source implementation of the ISA that is intended for embedded control applications. This implementation includes the base instruction set as well as a number of standard extensions. After the description of the CPU design is complete the design is expanded to include memory and some simple I/O. The resulting microcontroller will then be implemented in an affordable FPGA development board (available from Elektor) along with a simple software application so that the reader can investigate the finished design.

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Über 50 Schaltungen und Projekte Sirene im US-Stil Zwei Drehgeber an einem Analogeingang Wie man mit dem Arduino einen 230-V-AC-Dimmer baut Zehnfache LED-Stromquelle Vier Schalter an einem Pin erkennen Ein/Aus-Schalter mit Akku-Füllstandskontrolle Handdesinfektionsmittel-Spender selbstgebaut Eine einfache elektronische Orgel Ultra-einfacher Stereo-Verstärker Sound Activated Switch für Verstärker Balanced/Unbalanced-Wandler Externes Netzfilter Tastenfreie Torsteuerung DI-Box für ein Smartphone Spaß mit Lauflichtern Ein-Knopf-Thyristor-Steuerung Quasi-analoger Belichtungstimer für die Dunkelkammer Schaltungen von der Hackster.io-Community Analoger Bräunungstimer Noch eine Ein-Draht-LCD-Schnittstelle Einfacher PWM-Generator mit ATtiny13 Zweites Leben für Batterien Touch-Schalter für LED-Leuchten Tester für LEDs und DIP-Schalter Funktionstester für IR-Fernbedienungen Leistungshalbleiter-Tester SPI für WS2812(B)-LEDs Messen von Leistungsinduktivitäten Ein DIY-Doppelnetzteil DIY-Testvorrichtung für das LCR-Meter Arduino-Amperemeter Zwei-Finger-Orgel Rauscharmer ADC-Kalibrator DC/DC-Aufwärtswandler Zwei Potentiometer an einem digitalen Eingang Akustischer Näherungssensor Batterieloser Heizkörper-Sensor Wanzen und drahtlose Kameras aufgespürt Timer für die Innenbeleuchtung im Auto Kerzensimulator Digitaler Küchentimer Milliohm-Meter Verzögerungstimer für Heißwasserbereiter Einfaches Ladegerät für zwei Zellen des Typs 18650 Winzige Frequenzreferenz Sparsamer IR-Schalter Recyceln Sie den Auto-Handylader! Mikrofon-Vorverstärker für Arduino EMI-Filter im Selbstbau Elektronischer Würfel – ganz ohne MCU Finger-Kondensator Der selbstladende LED-Blitzer Außerdem in dieser Ausgabe KiCad 6 – Fünf interessante neue Funktionen Flashback – Der Elektor-Computer SC/MP Interview – Mit Elektrizität Kunst machen Meine erste Platine – Crash-Einstieg in KiCad Mit intelligenter Software Hardware minimieren Infografik – Fakten und Zahlen Neue ICs von Analog Devices Flashback – DER Elektor-Metalldetektor Hexadoku – Sudoku für Elektroniker

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De werking van veruit de meeste moderne elektronische apparaten is niet slechts op één enkel principe gebaseerd. Vaak staat een of andere computer (doorgaans een microcontroller) centraal. Uit deze fundamentele opzet – een computer die is ingebed in een bepaalde toepassingsschakeling – is de algemene benaming Embedded Systems voortgekomen. De meeste van deze systemen moeten vanuit het niets worden ontwikkeld, en daarbij komt het op elk detail aan. Vindingrijkheid en veelzijdigheid zijn dan een vereiste. De problemen die opgelost moeten worden, vormen niet zelden een ware uitdaging en betreffen niet alleen de analoge en digitale elektronica maar ook de systeemarchitectuur, programmering en programma-organisatie. De delen van deze reeks zijn geschreven voor iedereen – leerling, student of beginnend elektronicus – die zich terdege wil bekwamen in de professionele hardware- en systeemontwikkeling. En ze richten zich tot de allround-elektronicus die geen tijd heeft om specialist op een van de vele deelgebieden te worden maar die weet dat hij met standaard huis-, tuin- en keukenoplossingen niet ver komt. Ze bieden wat studenten en professionele elektronici nodig hebben: een opfrissing en verdieping van de basiskennis, een bron van inspiratie en een schat aan details en spitsvondigheden. Dit deel behandelt de passieve componenten: vaste weerstanden instelbare weerstanden NTC- en PTC-weerstanden spanningsafhankelijke weerstanden condensatoren spoelen transformatoren contactelementen

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Programming and Projects for the Minima and WiFi Based on the low-cost 8-bit ATmega328P processor, the Arduino Uno R3 board is likely to score as the most popular Arduino family member, and this workhorse has been with us for many years. Eleven years later, the long-overdue successor, the Arduino Uno R4, was released. It is built around a 48 MHz, 32-bit Arm Cortex-M4 microcontroller and provides significantly expanded SRAM and Flash memory. Additionally, a higher-precision ADC and a new DAC are added to the design. The Uno R4 board also supports the CAN Bus with an interface. Two versions of the board are available: Uno R4 Minima, and Uno R4 WiFi. This book is about using these new boards to develop many different and interesting projects with just a handful of parts and external modules. All projects described in the book have been fully tested on the Uno R4 Minima or the Uno R4 WiFi board, as appropriate. The project topics include the reading, control, and driving of many components and modules in the kit as well as on the relevant Uno R4 board, including LEDs 7-segment displays (using timer interrupts) LCDs Sensors RFID Reader 4x4 Keypad Real-time clock (RTC) Joystick 8×8 LED matrix Motors DAC (Digital-to-analog converter) LED matrix WiFi connectivity Serial UART CAN bus Infrared controller and receiver Simulators … all in creative and educational ways with the project operation and associated software explained in great detail.

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With 20+ Practical Projects in Logic and Circuit Design This book is a practical guide to digital electronics, covering the essential components of modern digital systems: number systems, logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic, and more. Through more than 20 structured projects, you’ll design and build digital systems using real-world components such as logic gates, multiplexers, decoders, flip-flops, counters, and shift registers. The projects range from basic LED logic circuits to digital locks, display systems, traffic light controllers, and timing-based designs. Selected projects introduce the use of tools such as CircuitVerse for circuit simulation, while several designs make use of 74HC-series logic devices, commonly used in digital hardware prototyping. Inside, you’ll find: Clear coverage of number systems and binary arithmetic Logic gate fundamentals and universal gate implementations Step-by-step projects using flip-flops, counters, and registers Real-world design with 74HC-series logic chips Techniques for designing combinational and sequential systems This book takes a design-first, application-driven approach to digital electronics—built around working circuits, tested logic, and hands-on experimentation.

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Programming and Projects for the Minima and WiFi Based on the low-cost 8-bit ATmega328P processor, the Arduino Uno R3 board is likely to score as the most popular Arduino family member, and this workhorse has been with us for many years. Eleven years later, the long-overdue successor, the Arduino Uno R4, was released. It is built around a 48 MHz, 32-bit Arm Cortex-M4 microcontroller and provides significantly expanded SRAM and Flash memory. Additionally, a higher-precision ADC and a new DAC are added to the design. The Uno R4 board also supports the CAN Bus with an interface. Two versions of the board are available: Uno R4 Minima, and Uno R4 WiFi. This book is about using these new boards to develop many different and interesting projects with just a handful of parts and external modules. All projects described in the book have been fully tested on the Uno R4 Minima or the Uno R4 WiFi board, as appropriate. The project topics include the reading, control, and driving of many components and modules in the kit as well as on the relevant Uno R4 board, including LEDs 7-segment displays (using timer interrupts) LCDs Sensors RFID Reader 4x4 Keypad Real-time clock (RTC) Joystick 8×8 LED matrix Motors DAC (Digital-to-analog converter) LED matrix WiFi connectivity Serial UART CAN bus Infrared controller and receiver Simulators … all in creative and educational ways with the project operation and associated software explained in great detail.

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Met de Raspberry Pi heeft u voor slechts een paar tientjes een complete computer in handen, waar op eenvoudige wijze allerlei elektronica aangesloten kan worden. In deze 2e herziene en uitgebreide versie gaan we in op een van de sterke kanten van de Raspberry Pi: de combinatie van programmeren en elektronica. Na een korte introductie van de Raspberry Pi wordt de benodigde software geïnstalleerd. Op de SD-kaart die u bij dit boek kunt aanschaffen, is die allemaal al aanwezig voor de Raspberry Pi. Aan de (optionele) Windows PC kant gebeurt dit met gratis software die u kunt downloaden. Daarna volgt een beknopte inleiding in het besturingssysteem Linux en gaan we programmeren in Bash, Python en JavaScript. De nadruk ligt hierbij op Python, maar in alle gevallen houden we het kort. We bespreken net voldoende zodat u de projecten kunt begrijpen en aan uw wensen aanpassen, en gaan dan aan de slag met leuke projecten. Maar liefst 45 spannende en interessante projecten worden in detail besproken en uitgelegd. Van wisselknipperlicht, aansluiten van een elektromotor, het verwerken en maken van analoge signalen tot lichtmeter en temperatuurregeling. Maar ook gecompliceerdere projecten zoals een motorsnelheidsregeling, webserver met CGI, client-server applicaties en Xwindows programma‘s. U kunt dit boek gebruiken als projecten boek en de projecten nabouwen en in de praktijk inzetten. Door de duidelijke uitleg, schema‘s en foto‘s van de opstellingen op een steekbord wordt het nabouwen een erg leuke bezigheid. RPi Alle software voor de RPi is voorgeïnstalleerd op een SD-kaart die u bij dit boek kunt aanschaffen. Dat wil zeggen dat alle software en drivers voor SSH, SPI, I²C, GPIO, PWM, muziek, Python Ontwikkelversie, wxPython, IdleX en de seriële verbinding gegarandeerd werken. Tevens staan alle broncodes van de projecten uitdit boek op deze kaart. Windows-PC In het gratis download-pakket dat bij dit boek hoort, vindt u de software die in dit boek gebruikt wordt op de Windows-PC handig bij elkaar in een enkel ZIP-bestand. Alle software is gratis. Tevens bevat het pakket een filmpje van de Nutteloze Doos (Useless Machine) van project 13.4. Software download-pakket WinOscillo Putty Xming WinSCP DiskImager Notepad2 IdleX Useless Box film

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For Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and nRF52 with Python, Arduino and Zephyr Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio chips are ubiquitous from Raspberry Pi to light bulbs. BLE is an elaborate technology with a comprehensive specification, but the basics are quite accessible. A progressive and systematic approach will lead you far in mastering this wireless communication technique, which is essential for working in low power scenarios. In this book, you’ll learn how to: Discover BLE devices in the neighborhood by listening to their advertisements. Create your own BLE devices advertising data. Connect to BLE devices such as heart rate monitors and proximity reporters. Create secure connections to BLE devices with encryption and authentication. Understand BLE service and profile specifications and implement them. Reverse engineer a BLE device with a proprietary implementation and control it with your own software. Make your BLE devices use as little power as possible. This book shows you the ropes of BLE programming with Python and the Bleak library on a Raspberry Pi or PC, with C++ and NimBLE-Arduino on Espressif’s ESP32 development boards, and with C on one of the development boards supported by the Zephyr real-time operating system, such as Nordic Semiconductor's nRF52 boards. Starting with a very little amount of theory, you’ll develop code right from the beginning. After you’ve completed this book, you’ll know enough to create your own BLE applications.

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Practical Multitasking Fundamentals Programming embedded systems is difficult because of resource constraints and limited debugging facilities. Why develop your own Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) as well as your application when the proven FreeRTOS software is freely available? Why not start with a validated foundation? Every software developer knows that you must divide a difficult problem into smaller ones to conquer it. Using separate preemptive tasks and FreeRTOS communication mechanisms, a clean separation of functions is achieved within the entire application. This results in safe and maintainable designs. Practicing engineers and students alike can use this book and the ESP32 Arduino environment to wade into FreeRTOS concepts at a comfortable pace. The well-organized text enables you to master each concept before starting the next chapter. Practical breadboard experiments and schematics are included to bring the lessons home. Experience is the best teacher. Each chapter includes exercises to test your knowledge. The coverage of the FreeRTOS Application Programming Interface (API) is complete for the ESP32 Arduino environment. You can apply what you learn to other FreeRTOS environments, including Espressif’s ESP-IDF. The source code is available from GitHub. All of these resources put you in the driver’s seat when it is time to develop your next uber-cool ESP32 project. What you will learn: How preemptive scheduling works within FreeRTOS The Arduino startup “loopTask” Message queues FreeRTOS timers and the IDLE task The semaphore, mutex, and their differences The mailbox and its application Real-time task priorities and its effect Interrupt interaction and use with FreeRTOS Queue sets Notifying tasks with events Event groups Critical sections Task local storage The gatekeeper task

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23 projects to bring your microcontroller to life! This book contains 23 special and exciting artificial intelligence machine-learning projects, for microcontroller and PC. Learn how to set up a neural network in a microcontroller, and how to make the network self-learning. Discover how you can breed robots, and how changing a fitness function results in a totally different behavior. Find out how a PC program exposes your weak spots in a game, and ruthlessly exploits them. Build a free-will robot, or have one clean your floor! Example projects from the book: A microcontroller that learns what your favourite color is. A robot wandering about the house looking for someone to play with. A bred robot program that is incapable of crossing a black line. A microcontroller that learns how to play a game until You just can't win anymore. A PC that programs a microcontroller all by itself. Complete with free software that you can download containing: All source code for the microcontroller. All sources of compiled PC programs (MS Windows). JAL programming language, with special editor and extension libraries. Robot breed program. Plus a support webpage with links, errata and FAQ. Several artificial intelligence techniques are discussed and used in projects such as expert system, neural network, subsumption, emerging behavior, genetic algorithm, cellular automata and roulette brains. Every project has clear instructions and pictures so you can start immediately. Suggestions and literature links allow you to go way beyond the scope of the book. Even after you have built all the projects contained within, this book will remain a valuable reference guide to keep next to your PC. A unique book for anyone with an interest in artificial intelligence and machine learning.

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This book is about the Raspberry Pi 3 computer and its use in various control and monitoring applications. The book explains in simple terms and with tested and working example projects, how to configure the Raspberry Pi 3 computer, how to install and use the Linux operating system, and how to write hardware based applications programs using the Python programming language. The nice feature of this book is that it covers many Raspberry Pi 3 based hardware projects using the latest hardware modules such as the Sense HAT, Swiss Pi, MotoPi, Camera module, and many other state of the art analog and digital sensors. An important feature of the Raspberry Pi 3 is that it contains on-board Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modules. Example projects are given in the book on using the Wi-Fi and the Bluetooth modules to show how real-data can be sent to the Cloud using the Wi-Fi module, and also how to communicate with an Android based mobile phone using the Bluetooth module. The book is ideal for self-study, and is intended for electronic/electrical engineering students, practising engineers, research students, and for hobbyists. It is recommended that the book should be followed in the given Chapter order. Over 30 projects are given in the book. All the projects in the book are based on the Python programming language and they have been fully tested. Full program listings of every project are given in the book with comments and full descriptions. Experienced programmers should find it easy to modify and update the programs to suit their needs. The following sub-headings are given for each project to make it as easy as possible for the readers to follow the projects: Project title Description Aim of the project Raspberry Pi type Block diagram Circuit diagram Program listing

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Multitasking and multiprocessing have become a very important topic in microcontroller-based systems, namely in complex commercial, domestic, and industrial automation applications. As the complexity of projects grows, more functionalities are demanded from the projects. Such projects require the use of multiple inter-related tasks running on the same system and sharing the available resources, such as the CPU, memory, and input-output ports. As a result of this, the importance of multitasking operations in microcontroller-based applications has grown steadily over the last few years. Many complex automation projects now make use of some form of a multitasking kernel. This book is project-based and its main aim is to teach the basic features of multitasking using the Python 3 programming language on Raspberry Pi. Many fully tested projects are provided in the book using the multitasking modules of Python. Each project is described fully and in detail. Complete program listings are given for each project. Readers should be able to use the projects as they are, or modify them to suit their own needs. The following Python multitasking modules have been described and used in the projects: Fork Thread Threading Subprocess Multiprocessing The book includes simple multitasking projects such as independently controlling multiple LEDs, to more complex multitasking projects such as on/off temperature control, traffic lights control, 2-digit, and 4-digit 7-segment LED event counter, reaction timer, stepper motor control, keypad based projects, car park controller, and many more. The fundamental multitasking concepts such as process synchronization, process communication, and memory sharing techniques have been described in projects concerning event flags, queues, semaphores, values, and so on.

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