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This collection features the best of Elektor Magazine's articles on embedded systems and artificial intelligence. From hands-on programming guides to innovative AI experiments, these pieces offer valuable insights and practical knowledge for engineers, developers, and enthusiasts exploring the evolving intersection of hardware design, software innovation, and intelligent technology. Contents Programming PICs from the Ground UpAssembler routine to output a sine wave Object-Oriented ProgrammingA Short Primer Using C++ Programming an FPGA Tracking Down Microcontroller Buffer Overflows with 0xDEADBEEF Too Quick to Code and Too Slow to Test? Understanding the Neurons in Neural NetworksEmbedded Neurons MAUI Programming for PC, Tablet, and SmartphoneThe New Framework in Theory and Practice USB Killer DetectorBetter Safe Than Sorry Understanding the Neurons in Neural NetworksArtificial Neurons A Bare-Metal Programming Guide Part 1: For STM32 and Other Controllers Part 2: Accurate Timing, the UART, and Debugging Part 3: CMSIS Headers, Automatic Testing, and a Web Server Introduction to TinyMLBig Is Not Always Better Microprocessors for Embedded SystemsPeculiar Parts, the Series FPGAs for BeginnersThe Path From MCU to FPGA Programming AI in Electronics DevelopmentAn Update After Only One Year AI in the Electronics LabGoogle Bard and Flux Copilot Put to the Test ESP32 and ChatGPTOn the Way to a Self-Programming System… Audio DSP FX Processor Board Part 1: Features and Design Part 2: Creating Applications Rust + EmbeddedA Development Power Duo A Smart Object CounterImage Recognition Made Easy with Edge Impulse Universal Garden LoggerA Step Towards AI Gardening A VHDL ClockMade with ChatGPT TensorFlow Lite on Small MicrocontrollersA (Very) Beginner’s Point of View Mosquito DetectionUsing Open Datasets and Arduino Nicla Vision Artificial Intelligence Timeline Intro to AI AlgorithmsPrompt: Which Algorithms Implement Each AI Tool? Bringing AI to the Edgewith ESP32-P4 The Growing Role of Edge AIA Trend Shaping the Future

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Your First Steps with an ESP32-C3 and the IoTA Wi-Fi Button and Relay IoT Cloud a la Arduino Dual Geiger-Müller Tube Arduino ShieldA High Sensitivity, Very Low-Power Radiation Sensor CO2 GuardA DIY Approach to Monitoring Air Quality MonkMakes Air Quality Kit for Raspberry PiMeasures Temperature and eCO2 Starting Out in ElectronicsWelcome to the Diode Tips & Tricks for Testing ComponentsNo Expensive Equipment Required Reducing the Power Consumption of Your Mole RepellerAn ATtiny13 Replaces a 555 Light Switch DeLuxA Solution for High-Precision Light-Controlled Switching The Challenges in Bringing IoT Solutions to MarketWorries Around Security, Scalability, and Competition Infographics 5-6/2022 Preferably Wired After AllTips for Developing a 1 Gbit/s Interface in an Industrial Environment Bringing Real-Time Object Detection to MCUs with Edge Impulse FOMO Traveling-Wave TubesPeculiar Parts, the Series Narrowband Internet of ThingsStandards, Coverage, Agreements, and Modules Dragino LPS8 Indoor GatewaySpeedy LoRaWAN Gateway Setup Explore ATtiny Microcontrollers Using C and Assembly LanguageSample Chapter: ATtiny I/O Ports Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates and Readers’ Letters LoRa GPS Tracker UpdateReceive and Show Location Using a Raspberry Pi Circuit Simulation with TINA Design Suite & TINACloudSample Chapter: Sinusoidal Oscillators From Life’s ExperienceAssembly Line Work The WinUI Graphics Framework for Windows AppsA Small Demo Application GUIs with PythonWorst GUI of the world Off-Grid Solar SystemsElectrical Energy Independent of the Mains Grid The 10-Year SmartphoneRenew Your Expectations HexadokuThe Original Elektorized Sudoku

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Het Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board bevat alle componenten (incl. Arduino Nano) die nodig zijn voor de oefeningen, zoals LED’s, schakelaars, drukknoppen, buzzer enz. Ook externe sensoren, motoren of modules kunnen worden gecheckt of bestuurd met dit microcontroller-trainingssysteem. Specificaties (Arduino Nano Training Board MCCAB) Voeding Via de USB-aansluiting van de aangesloten pc of een externe voeding (niet inbegrepen) Spanning +5 Vcc Ingangsspanning Alle ingangen 0 V tot +5 V VX1 en VX2 +8 V tot +12 V (alleen bij gebruik van een externe voeding) Hardware LCD 2x16 karakters Potentiometer P1 & P2 JP3: Selectie van de werkspanning van P1 & P2 Verdelers SV4: Verdeler voor de werkspanningenSV5, SV6: Verdelers voor de in-/uitgangen van de microcontroller Schakelaars en knoppen RESET knop op de Arduino Nano module; 6x drukknop schakelaars K1 ... K6; 6x Schuifschakelaars S1 ... S6; JP2: Jumper van de schakelaars met de ingangen van de microcontroller Buzzer Piezo buzzer ‘Buzzer1’ met jumper op JP6 Indicator LED’s 11 x LED: Status indicator voor de ingangen/uitgangen LED L op de Arduino Nano module, aangesloten op GPIO D13 JP6; Aansluiting van LED's LD10 ... LD20 met GPIO's D2 ... D12 Seriële interfacesSPI & I²C JP4: Selectie van het signaal op pin X van de SPI-connector SV12 SV9 naar SV12: SPI-interface (3,3 V/5 V) of I²C-interface Uitgangen voor externe apparaten SV1, SV7: Geschakelde uitgang (maximaal +24 V/160 mA, extern aangesloten) SV2: 2x13 pinnen voor aansluiting van externe modules 3x3 LED matrix(9 rode LED's) SV3: Kolommen van de 3x3 LED matrix (uitgangen D6 ... D8) JP1: Verbinding van de rijen met de GPIO's D3 ... D5 Software MCCABLib library Controle van hardware componenten (schakelaars, knoppen, LED's, 3x3 LED matrix, buzzer) op het MCCAB Training Board Werktemperatuur Tot +40 °C Afmetingen 100 x 100 x 20 mm Specificaties (Arduino Nano) Microcontroller ATmega328P Architectuur AVR Spanning 5 V Flash memory 32 KB, waarvan 2 KB gebruikt door de bootloader SRAM 2 KB Kloksnelheid 16 MHz Analoge IN Pinnen 8 EEPROM 1 KB DC stroom per I/O-pin 40 mA op één I/O-pin, totaal maximaal 200 mA op alle pinnen samen Ingangsspanning 7-12 V Digitale I/O-pinnen 22 (waarvan 6 PWM) PWM Uitgangen 6 Stroomverbruik 19 mA Afmetingen 18 x 45 mm Gewicht 7 g Inbegrepen 1x Elektor Arduino Nano Training Board MCCAB 1x Arduino Nano

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. AI Tools for Hardware PrototypingWhat Helps, What Does Not, and Where the Engineer Still Has to Sit ZSWatch — From Idea to ProductPart 1: A Completely Open Smartwatch Three-Way Tone ControlHigh-End — For That Little Bit Extra electronica Fast Forward 202610 Years of Innovation Microcontroller PrototypingAn Overview of Popular Boards Prototyping BreadboardsPeculiar Parts, the Series Designing for OrbitA Maker’s Guide to COTS Selection, Radiation Resilience, and Mission Architecture Thermal Management for Reliable ElectronicsWhen Every Degree Counts From Concept to GadgetBuilding Embedded Systems That Ship Understanding the EU Cyber Resilience ActWhat the CRA Demands and How to Meet It: A Guide for Embedded Engineers Lusight: Printed Displays You Can Reveal with Your PhoneDiscover What Is Inside the Badge on the Cover of Elektor’s electronica Edition Teaching a Robot Arm to See and MoveAI-Driven Manipulation Using a 3D-Printed Robot Loop Antenna with RF BricksPart 2: Signal Processing From Prototype to ProductionPractical Lessons from the Elektor Community Project UpdatesFeedback, Ideas, Corrections Handheld Audio GeneratorA Reference Signal Source for Quick Audio Systems Setup AudiotronicsMore Distortion, and a Level-Matching Amplifier 2026: An AI OdysseyWhen AI Starts Building AI Wireless Workshop (2)Radio Modules Unlocked: 2.4-GHz nRF24L01P Transceiver The Digital Path Building an Open-Source SmartwatchDaniel Kampert on ZSWatch, Open Hardware, and Engineering Trade-Offs How to Prepare for Professional SMD Assembly Engineering Beyond the BenchSystem Integration, Troubleshooting, and Real-World Testing Elektor at 65Projects from Novembers and Decembers Past Avionics Instrument SimulatorESP32-S3-Based, with Round HMI Display

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For Raspberry Pi, ESP32 and nRF52 with Python, Arduino and Zephyr Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio chips are ubiquitous from Raspberry Pi to light bulbs. BLE is an elaborate technology with a comprehensive specification, but the basics are quite accessible. A progressive and systematic approach will lead you far in mastering this wireless communication technique, which is essential for working in low power scenarios. In this book, you’ll learn how to: Discover BLE devices in the neighborhood by listening to their advertisements. Create your own BLE devices advertising data. Connect to BLE devices such as heart rate monitors and proximity reporters. Create secure connections to BLE devices with encryption and authentication. Understand BLE service and profile specifications and implement them. Reverse engineer a BLE device with a proprietary implementation and control it with your own software. Make your BLE devices use as little power as possible. This book shows you the ropes of BLE programming with Python and the Bleak library on a Raspberry Pi or PC, with C++ and NimBLE-Arduino on Espressif’s ESP32 development boards, and with C on one of the development boards supported by the Zephyr real-time operating system, such as Nordic Semiconductor's nRF52 boards. Starting with a very little amount of theory, you’ll develop code right from the beginning. After you’ve completed this book, you’ll know enough to create your own BLE applications.

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There are many so-called 'Arduino compatible' platforms on the market. The ESP8266 – in the form of the WeMos D1 Mini Pro – is one that really stands out. This device includes WiFi Internet access and the option of a flash file system using up to 16 MB of external flash memory. Furthermore, there are ample in/output pins (though only one analogue input), PWM, I²C, and one-wire. Needless to say, you are easily able to construct many small IoT devices! This book contains the following builds: A colourful smart home accessory refrigerator controller 230 V power monitor door lock monitor and some further spin-off devices. All builds are documented together with relevant background information for further study. For your convenience, there is a small PCB for most of the designs; you can also use a perf board. You don’t need to be an expert but the minimum recommended essentials include basic experience with a PC, software, and hardware, including the ability to surf the Internet and assemble PCBs. And of course: A handle was kept on development costs. All custom software for the IoT devices and PCB layouts are available for free download from at Elektor.com.

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The Controller Area Network (CAN) was originally developed to be used as a vehicle data bus system in passenger cars. Today, CAN controllers are available from over 20 manufacturers, and CAN is finding applications in other fields, such as medical, aerospace, process control, automation, and so on. This book is written for students, for practising engineers, for hobbyists, and for everyone else who may be interested to learn more about the CAN bus and its applications. The aim of this book is to teach you the basic principles of CAN networks and in addition the development of microcontroller based projects using the CAN bus. In summary, this book enables the reader to: Learn the theory of the CAN bus used in automotive industry Learn the principles, operation, and programming of microcontrollers Design complete microcontroller based projects using the C language Develop complete real CAN bus projects using microcontrollers Learn the principles of OBD systems used to debug vehicle electronics You will learn how to design microcontroller based CAN bus nodes, build a CAN bus, develop high-level programs, and then exchange data in real-time over the bus. You will also learn how to build microcontroller hardware and interface it to LEDs, LCDs, and A/D converters. The book assumes that the reader has some knowledge on basic electronics. Knowledge of the C programming language will be useful in later chapters of the book, and familiarity with at least one member of the PIC series of microcontrollers will be an advantage, especially if the reader intends to develop microcontroller based projects using the CAN bus.

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Multitasking and multiprocessing have become a very important topic in microcontroller-based systems, namely in complex commercial, domestic, and industrial automation applications. As the complexity of projects grows, more functionalities are demanded from the projects. Such projects require the use of multiple inter-related tasks running on the same system and sharing the available resources, such as the CPU, memory, and input-output ports. As a result of this, the importance of multitasking operations in microcontroller-based applications has grown steadily over the last few years. Many complex automation projects now make use of some form of a multitasking kernel. This book is project-based and its main aim is to teach the basic features of multitasking using the Python 3 programming language on Raspberry Pi. Many fully tested projects are provided in the book using the multitasking modules of Python. Each project is described fully and in detail. Complete program listings are given for each project. Readers should be able to use the projects as they are, or modify them to suit their own needs. The following Python multitasking modules have been described and used in the projects: Fork Thread Threading Subprocess Multiprocessing The book includes simple multitasking projects such as independently controlling multiple LEDs, to more complex multitasking projects such as on/off temperature control, traffic lights control, 2-digit, and 4-digit 7-segment LED event counter, reaction timer, stepper motor control, keypad based projects, car park controller, and many more. The fundamental multitasking concepts such as process synchronization, process communication, and memory sharing techniques have been described in projects concerning event flags, queues, semaphores, values, and so on.

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Computer vision is probably the most exciting branch of image processing, and the number of applications in robotics, automation technology and quality control is constantly increasing. Unfortunately entering this research area is, as yet, not simple. Those who are interested must first go through a lot of books, publications and software libraries. With this book, however, the first step is easy. The theoretically founded content is understandable and is supplemented by many practical examples. Source code is provided with the specially developed platform-independent open source library IVT in the programming language C/C++. The use of the IVT is not necessary, but it does make for a much easier entry and allows first developments to be quickly produced. The authorship is made up of research assistants of the chair of Professor Ruediger Dillmann at the Institut für Technische Informatik (ITEC), Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH). Having gained extensive experience in image processing in many research and industrial projects, they are now passing this knowledge on. Among other subjects, the following are dealt with in the fundamentals section of the book: Lighting, optics, camera technology, transfer standards, camera calibration, image enhancement, segmentation, filters, correlation and stereo vision. The practical section provides the efficient implementation of the algorithms, followed by many interesting applications such as interior surveillance, bar code scanning, object recognition, 3-D scanning, 3-D tracking, a stereo camera system and much more.

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Create Models for 3D Printing, CNC Milling, Process Communication and Documentation Engineers dread designing 3D models using traditional modeling software. OpenSCAD takes a refreshing and completely different approach. Create your models by arranging geometric solids in a JavaScript-like language, and use them with your 3D printer, CNC mill, or process communication. OpenSCAD differs from other design systems in that it uses programmatical modeling. Your model is made up of primitives that are invoked using a C-, Java- or Python-like language. This approach to model design is close to the “mechanical work” done in the real world and appeals to engineers and others who are not a member of the traditional creative class. OpenSCAD also provides a wide variety of comfort functions that break the 1:1 relationship between code and geometry. This book demonstrates the various features of the programming language using practical examples such as a replacement knob for a LeCroy oscilloscope, a wardrobe hanger, a container for soap dispensers, and various other real-life examples. Written by an engineer with over 15 years of experience, this book is intended for Linux and Windows users alike. If you have programming experience in any language, this book will have you producing practical three-dimensional objects in short order!

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De FNIRDSI DSO-TC4 is een multifunctionele transistor-oscilloscoop die zowel uitgebreid als praktisch is. Het is ontworpen voor gebruik in onderhouds- en R&D-toepassingen, waarbij een oscilloscoop, transistortester en signaalgenerator in één apparaat worden geïntegreerd. Kenmerken Uitgerust met een 2,8-inch TFT-kleurenscherm voor een helder en intuïtief display Ingebouwde oplaadbare lithiumbatterij met hoge capaciteit (1500 mAh) met een stand-bytijd van maximaal 4 uur Compact en lichtgewicht, ideaal voor mobiel gebruik Specificaties Oscilloscoop Analoge bandbreedte 10 MHz Real-time bemonsteringsfrequentie 48 MSa/s Ingangsimpedantie 1 MΩ Koppelingsmodus AC/DC Testspanningsbereik 1:1-sonde: 80 Vpp (+40 V) 10:1 Sonde: 800 Vpp (+400 V) Verticale gevoeligheid 10 mV/div~10 V/div (X1-bereik) Verticale verplaatsing Instelbaar met indicatie Tijdbasisbereik 50ns~20s Triggermodus Auto/Normal/Single Triggertype Rising edge, Falling edge Triggerniveau Instelbaar met indicatie Waveform Freeze Ja (HOLD-functie) Automatische meting Max, Min, Avg, RMS, Vpp, Frequency, Cycle, Duty Cycle Transistortester Transistor Versterkingsfactor "hfe"; Basis-emitterspanning "Ube", Ic/Ie, collector-emitter omgekeerde lekstroom "Iceo", Ices, voorwaartse spanningsval van beschermingsdiode "Uf" Diode Voorwaartse spanningsval <5 V (voorwaartse spanningsval, junctiecapaciteit, omgekeerde lekstroom) Zenerdiode 0,01~32 V Omgekeerde doorslagspanning (K-A-A-testgebied) Veldeffecttransistor (FET) JFET: Gatecapaciteit "Cg", Drainstroom Id onder "Vgs", voorwaartse spanningsval van beschermingsdiode "Uf" IGBT: Drainstroom Id onder Vgs, Voorwaartse spanningsval van beschermingsdiode Uf MIOSTET: Drempelspanning "Vt", Gatecapaciteit "Cg", Drain-Sourceweerstand "Rds", Voorwaartse spanningsval van beschermingsdiode "Uf" Unidirectionele SCR Triggerspanning <5V, Gateniveau (Gatespanning) Bidirectionele SCR Triggerstroom <6mA (Gatespanning) Condensator 25pF~100mF, Capaciteitswaarde, Verliesfactor "Vloss" Weerstand 0,01Ω~50MΩ Inductor 10μH~1000μH, DC-weerstand DS18B20 Temperatuursensor, pinnen: GND, DQ, VDD DHT11 Temperatuur- en vochtigheidssensor, pinnen: VDD, DATA, GND Signaalgenerator Uitgangsgolfvorm Ondersteunt 13 golfvormuitgangen Golfvormfrequentie 0-50 KHz Vierkante golf-inschakelduur 0-100% Golfvormamplitude 0,1-3,0 V Algemeen 2,8-inch TFT-kleurenscherm Achtergrondverlichting Helderheid instelbaar Voeding USB-C (5 V/1 A） Batterij 3,7 V/1500 mAh Talen Engels, Duits, Spaans, Portugees, Russisch, Chinees, Japans, Koreaans Afmetingen 90 x 142 x 27,5 mm Gewicht 186 g Inbegrepen 1x FNIRSI DSO-TC4 (3-in-1) Oscilloscoop (10 MHz) 1x P6100-oscilloscoopsonde (10X) 1x Krokodillenklemsonde 3x Testhaken 1x Adapter 1x USB-C-oplaadkabel 1x Manual Downloads Manual Firmware V0.0.7 (+V1.0.9)

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This book is intended as a highly-practical guide for Hobbyists, Engineers and Scientists wishing to build measurement and control systems to be controlled by a local or remote Personal Computer running the Linux operating system. Both hardware and software aspects of designing typical embedded systems are covered in detail with schematics, code listings and full descriptions. Numerous examples have been designed to show clearly how straightforward it can be to create the interfaces between digital and analog electronics, with programming techniques for creating control software for both local and remote systems. Hardware developers will appreciate the variety of circuits, including a novel, low cost modulated wireless link and will discover how using Matlab® overcomes the need for specialist programming skills. Software developers will appreciate how a better understanding of circuits plus the freedom offered by Linux to directly control at the register level enables them to optimize related programs. There is no need to buy special equipment or expensive software tools in order to create embedded projects covered in this book. You can build such quality systems quickly using popular low-cost electronic components and free distributed or low-cost software tools. Some knowledge of basic electronics plus the very basics of C programming only is required. Many projects in this book are developed using Matlab® being a very popular worldwide computational tool for research in engineering and science. The book provides a detailed description of how to combine the power of Matlab® with practical electronics. With an emphasis on learning by doing, readers are encouraged by examples to program with ease; the book provides clear guidelines as to the appropriate programming techniques “on the fly”. Complete and well-documented source code is provided for all projects. If you want to learn how to quickly build Linux-based applications able to collect, process and display data on a PC from various analog and digital sensors, how to control circuitry attached to a computer, then even how to pass data via a network or control your embedded system wirelessly and more – then this is the book for you! Features of this Book Use the power, flexibility and control offered only by a Linux operating system on a PC. Use a free, distributed downloadable GNU C compiler Use (optional) a low-cost Student Version of Matlab®. Use low-cost electronic sub-assemblies for projects. Improve your skills in electronics, programming, networking and wireless design. A full chapter is dedicated to controlling your sound card for audio input and output purposes. Program sound using OSS and ALSA. Learn how to combine electronic circuits, software, networks and wireless technologies in the complete embedded system.

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